This book highlights the problem of UV-R-induced photocarcinogenesis and its molecular mechanism. It covers different photosensitive xenobiotics (drugs, cosmetics, and environmental pollutants) and their photosensitization mechanisms under ambient UV-R exposure. It also summarizes the role of nanotechnology in skin cancer remedies. It provides a brief overview of the various novel nanocarriers for cosmeceuticals like nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles, nanocrystals, etc., nanotechnology-based cosmeceutical products which are available in the market. It highlights the possible health hazards caused by nanoparticles on exposure of nano-based cosmetics and describes the recent regulatory rules applied to avoid the nanotoxicity.

This Safety Guide provides recommendations on achieving and demonstrating compliance with IAEA Safety Standards Series No. TS-R-1, Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, establishing safety requirements to be applied to the national and international transport of radioactive material. Transport is deemed to comprise all operations and conditions associated with and involved in the movement of radioactive material, including the design, fabrication and maintenance of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, handling, carriage, storage in transit and receipt at the final destination of packages. This publication supersedes IAEA Safety Series No. TS-G-1.1, 2002 Edition.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of cyclotrons, with a special emphasis on production of radionuclides. Individual sections are devoted to accelerator technology, theoretical aspects of nuclear reactions, the technology behind targetry, techniques for preparation of targets, irradiation of targets under high beam currents, target processing and target recovery. This book will appeal to scientists and technologists interested in translating cyclotron technology into practice, as well as postgraduate students in this field.

Given current energy projections, it is likely that interest in nuclear energy will grow, resulting in more fuel passing through the back end of the fuel cycle. To minimize the time, risk and resources associated with management of this spent nuclear fuel, it is important to minimize the amount and handling of damaged spent fuel. Arising from an IAEA meeting on this topic, this publication provides assistance in determining if fuel with a particular type of defect is acceptable or if it requires non-standard handling. The publication is intended to facilitate evaluation of the costs and benefits of design concepts or design changes for storage or transport systems, and to help in selecting appropriate methods for identifying and handling damaged spent nuclear fuel.

This publication describes a process for planning and conducting a project to implement digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems in the modernization of a nuclear power plant (NPP). Many of the existing NPPs in the world are approaching, or have reached, the midpoint of their design life. At the same time, there have been tremendous advances in electronics, computers and networks. These new technologies have been incorporated into the digital I&C hardware and software currently available. Even though advanced digital I&C systems have been used extensively in many other industries, their use in the nuclear industry is still very limited. The complexity of digital I&C systems requires a comprehensive implementation plan to ensure that plant safety is maintained, and this publication presents the experience gained to date. It is intended to be of use to those involved in the design or implementation of such modernization projects.

This book covers essential aspects of transmutation technologies, highlighting especially the advances in Japan. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has caused us to focus attention on a large amount of spent nuclear fuels stored in NPPs. In addition, public anxiety regarding the treatment and disposal of high-level radioactive wastes that require long-term control is growing. The Japanese policy on the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle is still unpredictable in the aftermath of the accident. Therefore, research and development for enhancing the safety of various processes involved in nuclear energy production are being actively pursued worldwide. In particular, nuclear transmutation technology has been drawing significant attention after the accident. This publication is timely with the following highlights: 1) Development of accelerator-driven systems (ADSs), which is a brand-new reactor concept for transmutation of highly radioactive wastes; 2) Nuclear reactor systems from the point of view of the nuclear fuel cycle. How to reduce nuclear wastes or how to treat them including the debris from TEPCO's Fukushima nuclear power stations is discussed; and 3) Environmental radioactivity, radioactive waste treatment and geological disposal policy. State-of-the-art technologies for overall back-end issues of the nuclear fuel cycle as well as the technologies of transmutation are presented here. The chapter authors are actively involved in the development of ADSs and transmutation-related technologies. The future of the back-end issues in Japan is very uncertain after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP and this book provides an opportunity for readers to consider the future direction of those issues.

Computer based digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems are widely used in non-nuclear industry safety systems. However, there are uncertainties and challenges in the safety assessment of such systems in the nuclear industry. This publication describes potential sources of common cause failures (CCF) in computer based safety I&C systems and presents approaches on how to evaluate the vulnerability of digital I&C systems to CCFs. The intended audience of this publication includes nuclear utility personnel, vendors, regulatory authorities and others involved in the design and implementation of I&C systems in nuclear power plants.

Although all minerals and raw materials contain radionuclides of natural origin, only certain work activities involving such materials can give rise to significantly enhanced exposures that may need to be controlled by regulation. Material giving rise to these enhanced exposures is known as naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and exposure to such material was the subject of the NORM V symposium held in Seville in March 2007. These proceedings contain all oral presentations and rapporteur reports as well as a summary that concludes with the main findings of the symposium. Text versions of the poster presentations are provided on a CD-ROM.