Professor Knorr examines bends in the values which nations derive in their international relationships from the possession and use of both nuclear and non-nuclear military forces, and suggests that territorial conquest and the furtherance of economic benefits by military means have generally diminished in appeal. He inquires into the costs and disadvantages of military power-the greatly reduced security obtainable even by the major nuclear powers and the noticeable diminution in the legitimacy of international violence in its several forms. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Radiation shielding has been for many years - too many years - the province of physicists and mathematicians. This is not to say that these have been the only ones confronted with shielding problems. Nuclear engineers encounter them daily. But physicists needed to shield first their accelerators and later their reactors, and they, with mathematicians, have developed the methods. And for too long engineers have relied on advice from these original shielders in their own design problems. The difficulty has been largely one of communication. Physicists, from FERMI and ZINN, who performed the first reactor shield research, to those currently so engaged, have written reports which were in the Physicists' language, and which did not extrapolate from their special data to the general problems. Later, texts on shielding were written by physicists - GOLDSTEIN, and PRICE, HORTON and SPINNEY - which told of the knowledge at hand. The engineer ROCKWELL edited the contributions of many people, most of whom were physi cists, in another text, but even this engineered approach attempted little more than to record experience from the submarine program."

Was ist Strahlenschutz, wie gefahrlich sind Strahlen? Die Autoren informieren verstandlich uber Fakten, Hypothesen und gesetzliche Grenzwerte. Sie setzen bewusst keine Kenntnisse der Physik, Biologie oder Medizin voraus. Das Buch ist fur alle die geschrieben, die wissen mochten, was hinter dem Begriff "Strahlenschutz" steckt. Der Erfolg dieses Buches hat gezeigt, wie dringend notwendig eine sachliche Information uber die Strahlen- und Strahlenschutzproblematik ist. Gerade die Meinungsbildner, Lehrer und Arzte, sind gefordert, die Frage nach den Gefahren einer Kerntechnik auch quantitativ korrekt zu beantworten. Dies gilt besonders in einer Zeit, in der nach einem GAU in Tschernobyl und Vorwurfen gegen die Atomindustrie in der Tagespresse die Kernenergie politisch vertretbar erscheint. Beide Autoren gehoren zu der kleinen Gruppe hauptberuflicher Strahlenschutzer. Sie sind Mitglieder nationaler und internationaler Kommissionen, in denen die Grenzwerte diskutiert und Empfehlungen beschlossen werden. Die 3. Auflage des Bu- ches berucksichtigt die Grenzwertempfehlungen der ICRP (Internationale Kommission fur Strahlenschutz) von 1990 im Arbeitsschutz und fur die Bevolkerung. Sie wurden geandert, als neue Untersuchungen eine tatsachlich niedrigere Strahlendosis in Hiroshima und Nagasaki ergaben. Damit erleben die Untersuchungen der Krebssterbefalle an Uberlebenden der Atombombenabwurfe eine neue Bewertung.

Der vorliegende Band des Handbuchs der medizinischen Radiologie zu der bisher wenig beachteten Frage von Strahlengefahrdung und Strahlenschutz umfaBt unseren heutigen Wis- sensstand tiber die Vedinderungen an Organen und Geweben, Funktionseinheiten und Syste- men des Organismus, die durch Einwirkungen ionisierender Strahlen und anderer physika- Ii scher Energien auftreten konnen. Vorangestellt werden Kenntnisse tiber die allgemeine zelluHire Strahlenbiologie und Strahlenpathologie sowie die generellen Fragen der biolo- gischen Wirkung dicht-ionisierender Teilchenstrahlen, urn allgemein die Strahlenwirkungen auf den lebenden Organismus besser verstehen zu konnen. Neben den Ubersichten der Strah- lenwirkungen auf die Abdominalorgane, den Harntrakt, die Lunge, das Hirn- und Nervenge- webe, den Knochen und die Haut werden das lymphatische System, das Knochenmark als blutbildendes System und die Strahlenreaktionen an den Generationsorganen in ihren verschiedenen Reaktionsphasen bis zur Schadigung und die Gewebserholung mit reparativen Vorgangen abgehandelt. Ein eigener Abschnitt des Bandes befaBt sich mit der Strahlengefahrdung durch Umwelt- einfltisse und berticksichtigt die nattirliche Strahlenexposition, behandelt das Berufsrisiko beim Urn gang mit radioaktiven Stoffen und setzt sich mit Strahlenkatastrophen aus arztlicher Sicht auseinander. Dabei werden nicht nur Reaktorunfalle, sondern auch Atombombenexplo- sionen mit ihren Schaden und den Moglichkeiten ihrer Behandlung eingehend erortert. Der Kenntnisstand tiber den chemischen Strahlenschutz bei Saugetieren und beim Menschen wird ausfUhrlich abgehandelt und abschlieBend werden der Wirkungsmechanismus von Strahlenschutzsubstanzen beim Menschen sowie die bisher gesammelten Erfahrungen einge- hend besprochen. 1m letzten Abschnitt des Handbuches werden die Probleme der kombinierten Strahlenthe- rapie erortert.

Originally perceived as a cheap and plentiful source of power, the commercial use of nuclear energy has been controversial for decades. Worries about the dangers that nuclear plants and their radioactive waste posed to nearby communities grew over time, and plant construction in the United States virtually died after the early 1980s. The 1986 disaster at Chernobyl only reinforced nuclear power's negative image. Yet in the decade prior to the Japanese nuclear crisis of 2011, sentiment about nuclear power underwent a marked change. The alarming acceleration of global warming due to the burning of fossil fuels and concern about dependence on foreign fuel has led policymakers, climate scientists, and energy experts to look once again at nuclear power as a source of energy.
In this accessible overview, Charles D. Ferguson provides an authoritative account of the key facts about nuclear energy. What is the origin of nuclear energy? What countries use commercial nuclear power, and how much electricity do they obtain from it? How can future nuclear power plants be made safer? What can countries do to protect their nuclear facilities from military attacks? How hazardous is radioactive waste? Is nuclear energy a renewable energy source? Featuring a discussion of the recent nuclear crisis in Japan and its ramifications, Ferguson addresses these questions and more in Nuclear Energy: What Everyone Needs to Know(r), a book that is essential for anyone looking to learn more about this important issue.
What Everyone Needs to Know(r) is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press

This book offers a critical evaluation of current scientific work on defining the issue of sustainability and on measuring progress towards a sustainable state. It aims to provide a common understanding of how progress towards sustainability can be achieved by optimising technological development, environmental impact and socio-economic factors. A further objective is to identify the major trends in methodologies that assist progress towards sustainability.

Modern societies require energy systems to provide energy for cooking, heating, transport, and materials processing, as well as for electricity generation. Energy systems include the primary fuel, its conversion, and transport to the point of use. In many cases this primary fuel is still a fossil fuel, a one-use resource derived from a finite supply within our planet, causing considerable damage to the environment. After 300 years of increasing reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal, it is becoming ever clearer that the present energy systems need to change. In this Very Short Introduction Nick Jenkins explores our historic investment in the exploitation of fossil energy resources and their current importance, and discusses the implications of our increasing rate of energy use. He considers the widespread acceptance by scientists and policy makers that our energy systems must reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, and looks forward to the radical changes in fuel technology that will be necessary to continue to provide energy supplies in a sustainable manner, and extend access across the developing world. Considering the impact of changing to an environmentally benign and low-carbon energy system, Jenkins also looks at future low-carbon energy systems which would use electricity from a variety of renewable energy sources, as well as the role of nuclear power in our energy use. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

The nuclear age is coming to the Middle East. Understanding the scope and motivations for this development and its implications for global security is essential. The last decade has witnessed an explosion of popular and scholarly attention focussed on nuclear issues around the globe and especially in the Middle East. These studies fall into one of four general categories. They tend to focus either on the security and military aspects of nuclear weapons, or on the sources and mechanisms for proliferation and means of reversing it, or nuclear energy, or the logics driving state policymakers toward adopting the nuclear option. The Nuclear Question in the Middle East is the first book of its kind to combine thematic and theoretical discussions regarding nuclear weapons and nuclear energy with case studies from across the region. What are the key domestic drivers of nuclear behaviour and decision-making in the Middle East? How are the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council seeking to employ nuclear energy to further guarantee and expedite their hyper-growth of recent decades? Are there ideal models emerging in this regard that others might emulate in the foreseeable future, and, if so, what consequences is this development likely to have for other civilian nuclear aspirants? These region-wide themes form the backdrop against which specific case studies are examined.

The Iranian nuclear crisis has dominated current affairs and geopolitics for over a decade. Yet there is little real understanding of Iran's nuclear programme, in particular its history, which is now over fifty years old. This ground-breaking book argues that the history of Iran's nuclear programme and the modern history of the country itself are irrevocably linked, and only by understanding one can we understand the other. From the programme's beginnings under the Shah of Iran, the book details the central role of the US in the birth of nuclear Iran, and the role that nuclear weapons have played in the programme since the beginning. The author's unique access to 'the father' of Iran's nuclear programme, as well as to key scientific personnel under the early Islamic Republic and to senior Iranian and Western officials at the centre of today's negotiations, sheds new light on the uranium enrichment programme that lies at the heart of global concerns. What emerges is a programme that has, for a variety of reasons, a deep resonance to Iran. This is why it has persisted with it for over half a century in the face of such widespread opposition. Drawing on years of research across the world, David Patrikarakos has produced the most comprehensive examination of Iran's nuclear programme - in all its forms to date. This new edition features interviews with the main actors who saw through President Obama's Iran nuclear deal, and give the inside story in how progress stalled under the Trump administration.

Diese Vortrage hielt ich im Oktober I935 auf Einladung des Institute for Advanced Study und der Universitat in Princeton N. J. Da sie besonders die neuesten Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiete der Rontgen- und Elektronen-Strahl Interferenzen behandeln, haben sie vielleicht fUr einen groBeren Leserkreis Interesse; und so gebe ich sie zum Druck. Bei den Korrekturen unterstiitzten mich Fraulein Dr. CLARA v. SIMSON und Herr Dr. MAX KOHLER; ich mochte beiden meinen Dank auch hier aussprechen. Princeton, November I935. M. V. LAUE. 1* I. Ich mochte Ihnen eine Ubersicht tiber die neuere Ent wicklung geben, we1che die Theorie der Rontgenstrahl interferenzen genommen hat. Die element are Theorie, welche auf die Wechselwirkung der Atome in der Streuung keine Rticksicht nimmt, kann wohl als abgeschlossen gelten. Aber die dynamische Theorie ist in den letzten J ahren tiber die Grundlagen, die ihr DARWIN und vor aHem EWALD (r) gegeben haben, erheblich hinausgewachsen. Zudem hat in diesem Jahre KassEL die Umkehrung der altbekannten Interferenzerscheinung der Rontgenstrahlen gefunden, die dann eintritt, wenn wir die Atome des KristaHs selbst zu Strahlungsquellen machen. Das hat auch eine Weiterentwicklung der Theorie notwendig ge macht, die sich an das friihere mittels des Reziprozitats satzes der Optik anschlieBt. Diese Arbeiten haben meines Erachtens auch endlich ein gewisses Verstandnis eroffnet fUr eine Erscheinung, die den Experimentatoren bei der Elektronenbeugung langst aufgefallen war. Ich meine die von KIKUCHI entdeckten und von ihm und seinen Mitarbeitern, aber auch anderen Physikern oft beschriebenen Kegel verstarkter oder abgeschwachter Elektronenstreuung."

Transnational perspectives on the relationship between nuclear energy and society. With the aim of overcoming the disciplinary and national fragmentation that characterizes much research on nuclear energy, Engaging the Atom brings together specialists from a variety of fields to analyze comparative case studies across Europe and the United States. It explores evolving relationships between society and the nuclear sector from the origins of civilian nuclear power until the present, asking why nuclear energy has been more contentious in some countries than in others and why some countries have never gone nuclear, or have decided to phase out nuclear, while their neighbors have committed to the so-called nuclear renaissance. Contributors examine the challenges facing the nuclear sector in the context of aging reactor fleets, pressing climate urgency, and increasing competition from renewable energy sources. Written by leading academics in their respective disciplines, the nine chapters of Engaging the Atom place the evolution of nuclear energy within a broader set of national and international configurations, including its role within policies and markets.

In 1943, as part of the Manhattan Project, the Hanford Nuclear Reservation was established with the mission to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. During 45 years of operations, the Hanford Site produced about 67 metric tonnes of plutonium?approximately two-thirds of the nation's stockpile. Production processes generated radioactive and other hazardous wastes and resulted in airborne, surface, subsurface, and groundwater contamination. Presently, 177 underground tanks contain collectively about 210 million liters (about 56 million gallons) of waste. The chemically complex and diverse waste is difficult to manage and dispose of safely. Section 3134 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 calls for a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) to conduct an analysis of approaches for treating the portion of low-activity waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation intended for supplemental treatment. The third of four, this report provides an overall assessment of the FFRDC team's final draft report, dated April 5, 2019. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Context and Setting 2 The Committee's Technical Review of the FFRDC's Final Draft Analysis 3 The Committee's Assessment of the Usefulness for Decision-Makers of the FFRDC's Final Draft Analysis References Appendix A: Section 3134 of the Fiscal Year 2017 National Defense Authorization Act Appendix B: Statement of Task Appendix C: Presentations at the Committee's Information-Gathering Meetings Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of the Committee, Technical Adviser, and Study Director Appendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviations

Every nuclear weapons program for decades has relied extensively on illicit imports of nuclear-related technologies. This book offers the most detailed public account of how states procure what they need to build nuclear weapons, what is currently being done to stop them, and how global efforts to prevent such trade could be strengthened. While illicit nuclear trade can never be stopped completely, effective steps to block illicit purchases of nuclear technology have sometimes succeeded in slowing nuclear weapons programs and increasing their costs, giving diplomacy more chance to work. Hence, this book argues, preventing illicit transfers wherever possible is a key element of an effective global non-proliferation strategy.

An integrated, holistic model for infrastructure planning and design in developing countries. Many emerging nations, particularly those least developed, lack basic critical infrastructural services-affordable energy, clean drinking water, dependable sanitation, and effective public transportation, along with reliable food systems. Many of these countries cannot afford the complex and resource-intensive systems based on Western, single-sector, industrialized models. In this book, Hillary Brown and Byron Stigge propose an alternate model for planning and designing infrastructural services in the emerging market context. This new model is holistic and integrated, resilient and sustainable, economical and equitable, creating an infrastructural ecology that is more analogous to the functioning of natural ecosystems. Brown and Stigge identify five strategic infrastructure objectives and illustrate each with examples of successful projects from across the developing world. Each chapter also highlights exemplary preindustrial systems, demonstrating the long history of resilient, sustainable infrastructure. The case studies describe the use of single solutions to solve multiple problems, creating hybridized and reciprocal systems; "soft path" models for water management, including water reuse and nutrient recovery; post carbon infrastructures for power, heat, and transportation such as rural microhydro and solar-powered rickshaws; climate adaptation systems, including a multi-purpose tunnel and a "floating city"; and the need for community-based, equitable, and culturally appropriate projects.

Nuclear power is not an option for the future but an absolute necessity. Global threats of climate change and lethal air pollution, killing millions each year, make it clear that nuclear and renewable energy must work together, as non-carbon sources of energy. Fortunately, a new era of growth in this energy source is underway in developing nations, though not yet in the West. Seeing the Light is the first book to clarify these realities and discuss their implications for coming decades. Readers will learn how, why, and where the new nuclear era is happening, what new technologies are involved, and what this means for preventing the proliferation of weapons. This book is the best work available for becoming fully informed about this key subject, for students, the general public, and anyone interested in the future of energy production, and, thus, the future of humanity on planet Earth.

In the twenty-first century, nuclear energy has become a hotly contested issue. In the face of climate change, and the search for alternative forms of energy, nuclear power continues to affect the lives of communities around the world. In Nuclear Portraits, scholars from Europe, North America, and Asia demonstrate the complexity, controversy, contradictions, and dangers that surround many aspects of the nuclear industry. The resulting local, regional, national, and international concerns that arise, such as the disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima, call into question the optimism espoused by the nuclear industry. We live in a world with more nuclear nations than ever before and energy policy is central to the mounting global concern about climate change. The innovative essays found in Nuclear Portraits will open your eyes to the realities of nuclear energy, thereby allowing you to decide for yourself whose side you are on.

Nuclear Reactions explores the nuclear consensus that emerged in post-World War II America, characterized by widespread support for a diplomatic and military strategy based on nuclear weapons and a vision of economic growth that welcomed nuclear energy both for the generation of electricity and for other peaceful and industrial uses. Unease about the environmental consequences of nuclear energy and weapons development became apparent by the early 1960s and led to the first challenges to that consensus. The documents in this collection address issues such as the arms race, "mutually assured destruction," the emergence of ecosystems ecology and the environmental movement, nuclear protests, and climate change. They raise questions about how nuclear energy shaped-and continues to shape-the contours of postwar American life. These questions provide a useful lens through which to understand the social, economic, and environmental tradeoffs embedded within American choices about the use and management of nuclear energy.

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster in 2011 many concerned citizens-particularly mothers-were unconvinced by the Japanese government's assurances that the country's food supply was safe. They took matters into their own hands, collecting their own scientific data that revealed radiation-contaminated food. In Radiation Brain Moms and Citizen Scientists Aya Hirata Kimura shows how, instead of being praised for their concern about their communities' health and safety, they faced stiff social sanctions, which dismissed their results by attributing them to the work of irrational and rumor-spreading women who lacked scientific knowledge. These citizen scientists were unsuccessful at gaining political traction, as they were constrained by neoliberal and traditional gender ideologies that dictated how private citizens-especially women-should act. By highlighting the challenges these citizen scientists faced, Kimura provides insights into the complicated relationship between science, foodways, gender, and politics in post-Fukushima Japan and beyond.

Turkey, with a robust modern economy and growing energy needs, is pursuing a switch to nuclear power. But that shift is occurring in an environment fraught with security challenges: Turkey borders Iraq, Syria, and Iran-all states with nuclear or WMD ambitions or capabilities. As a NATO member, Turkey also hosts U.S. nuclear bombs on its territory, although some question the durability of this relationship. This dynamic has naturally led to speculation that Turkish leaders might someday consider moving beyond a civilian course to develop nuclear weapons. Yet there has been remarkably little informed analysis and debate on Turkey's nuclear future, either within the country or in broader international society. This volume explores the current status and trajectory of Turkey's nuclear program, adding historical perspective, analytical rigor, and strategic insight.

A provocative call for delegitimizing fossil fuels rather than accommodating them, accompanied by case studies from Ecuador to Appalachia and from Germany to Norway. Not so long ago, people North and South had little reason to believe that wealth from oil, gas, and coal brought anything but great prosperity. But the presumption of net benefits from fossil fuels is eroding as widening circles of people rich and poor experience the downside. A positive transition to a post-fossil fuel era cannot wait for global agreement, a swap-in of renewables, a miracle technology, a carbon market, or lifestyle change. This book shows that it is now possible to take the first step toward the post-fossil fuel era, by resisting the slow violence of extreme extraction and combustion, exiting the industry, and imagining a good life after fossil fuels. It shows how an environmental politics of transition might occur, arguing for going to the source rather than managing byproducts, for delegitimizing fossil fuels rather than accommodating them, for engaging a politics of deliberately choosing a post-fossil fuel world. Six case studies reveal how individuals, groups, communities, and an entire country have taken first steps out of the fossil fuel era, with experiments that range from leaving oil under the Amazon to ending mountaintop removal in Appalachia.