The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2000: IV.

The proliferation of new international courts and tribunals in recent years has given rise to concerns of jurisdictional overlaps between the new and existing judicial bodies. The book examines what would happen when the same dispute falls under the jurisdiction of more than one forum. This raises both theoretical and practical issues of coordinating between the various jurisdictions and identifies rules of law which ought to apply in such circumstances.

This book systematically examines claims for contribution and reimbursement in an international context. As such claims are often made in third party proceedings, particularly detailed analyses are given to the conflict-of-laws dimensions of third party procedure. The issues considered include: * Which courts have jurisdiction over a contribution claim? * What choice-of-law rules apply where contribution is sought under the English Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978 or by way of subrogation? * What procedural requirements and jurisdictional requirements have to be satisfied to bring a contribution claim in third party proceedings? * Can a contribution claim be brought in third party proceedings if there is an arbitration agreement or a foreign jurisdiction agreement between the defendant and the third party? * Is it possible to obtain an antisuit injunction to restrain foreign proceedings corresponding to the domestic proceedings which form part of third party procedure? * Where the party to two adjacent contracts in a chain transaction has an expectation that his liability under one contract will be covered back-to-back by his right of reimbursement under the other contract, to what extent is it possible to argue that the reimbursement claim is governed by the same law as the governing law of the original claim so as to ensure the correspondence of liability and the right of reimbursement? In addressing these issues, the lawyers must be able to unravel the complexity of the situation from which the claim for contribution or reimbursement arises - the complexity created by the involvement of at least three parties (the original claimant, the contribution claimant and the respondent to the contribution claim) and exacerbated by the international elements which may embrace multiple jurisdictions and legal systems. This book provides a valuable guide to this complex area for practitioners advising clients who wish to bring, or are being threatened with, a claim for contribution or reimbursement in an international context. Its scholarly approach will also stimulate academic interest.

Der Band widmet sich der Frage nach der internationalprivatrechtlichen Behandlung von Aneignungsrechten, die in einigen Rechtsordnungen der Zuordnung von herrenlosen Vermoegensmassen im Erb- und Gesellschaftsrecht dienen. Ferner blickt er auf mit diesen einhergehende Normenkonflikte beim Aufeinandertreffen mit Rechtsordnungen, die die Zuordnung dieser Vermoegensmassen durch ein abweichendes Modell regeln. Anlass fur die Betrachtung bietet die Europaische Erbrechtsverordnung, die in ihrem Art. 33 erstmalig eine Loesung fur die Konflikte bei erbenlosem Nachlass auf der Ebene des europaischen IPR anbietet. Der Autor untersucht diese Vorschrift eingehend und schlagt hierauf aufbauend eine Regelung im Internationalen Gesellschaftsrecht fur die Frage der Zuordnung von Vermoegen geloeschter Gesellschaften vor.

This book provides an extensive analytical examination of the Cape Town Convention and its Protocols. The Convention aims to facilitate asset-based financing and leasing of aircraft, railway and space objects by establishing a uniform legal regime for the creation and protection of security and related interests in these types of equipment. The book provides a detailed treatment of issues arising from the creation of security and other international interests under the Convention, from the need to ensure their priority among competing interests to the enforcement of remedies in the case of the debtor's default or insolvency. Security interests in aircraft, railway and space objects are among the most frequently invoked mechanisms used to ensure repayment of the debt. It is their significance, effectiveness and frequency of use that explains this work's focus and scope.

Asymmetric jurisdiction clauses, giving one party a right to choose the forum for litigation after a dispute has already arisen, are widespread in international commercial contracting. And yet for close to a decade their enforceability and effects under EU law have been uncertain, with seven different competing decisions from France's highest court progressively contributing to the murky waters. From the interpretation of material changes to the Brussels I Recast Regulation, to obiter comments by English judges as to whether the 2005 Hague Choice of Court Convention on 'exclusive' jurisdiction clauses applies to asymmetric clauses, how can lawyers balance certainty, flexibility, and risk in this difficult legal landscape? This book explores this conundrum and aims to bring clarity to the current law on asymmetric jurisdiction clauses in the EU, England, and Contracting States to the Hague Convention 2005. It seeks to prompt practitioners and scholars to reflect carefully and critically on how and why asymmetric clauses are used, whether courts will -and should- hold businesses to them, and how both the law and the clauses themselves could be better designed in the future.

Business and Investment in Brazil provides a thorough analysis of Brazilian business law for investors and their legal advisers, focusing on topics relevant to business transactions and disputes that can arise in the aftermath of the signing or performance of deals. The essence of investment and negotiation processes is risk evaluation and allocation. Examining Brazilian law through the eyes of an international transaction lawyer, Peter Sester focuses on the legal risks, which are higher in Brazilian law than elsewhere, particularly in comparison with contract, partnership, and company (LLC) laws governing international business transactions in the US and UK. However, whilst Brazilian contract law remains a risk factor as a result of its over-ambitious and consequently interventionist approach, Brazilian law in the areas of stock corporation, capital market, antitrust, and public procurement are state-of-the-art when compared to the US and leading European laws in Germany, Switzerland, and France. This book is divided into eight chapters: the introduction provides an overview of the economic and legal framework for doing business in Brazil, focusing on features of the Brazilian legal and economic order that are unusual to international practitioners from a comparative perspective. The other seven chapters analyze those fields of substantive law that impact most investments and cross-border transactions in Brazil. They include important historical and economic context such as inflation indexation and the broad use of good faith, as well as explorations of common legal pitfalls such as the limited scope of freedom of contract and its mandatory provisions. The book focuses on the interpretation of statutory law by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice and regulatory agencies, and also provides insights into the economic and business rationale of some of the legal solutions offered.

This new edition has been extended to include chapters on the Czech Republic, Gibraltar, Indonesia, Luxembourg, and the Phillipines, making this the most comprehensive analysis of succession laws available. Each country analysis is based on a similar set of questions to ensure that all issues are tackled for every jurisdiction and to enable the reader to make easy comparisons between the countries included. The questionnaire has been updated to include a new section on challenges to an administrator's decision, and extends the section on inheritance orders to address the interaction of trusts and forced heirship. The book also considers the law at regional level in the European Union explaining the effect of recent EU legislation with regard to harmonization, and considering the impact of the European Succession Regulation post-implementation. Now covering 56 jurisdictions, this work is an invaluable reference source for those advising on matters of international succession, especially in cases where there are cross-border elements.

The Study Group on a European Civil Code has taken upon itself the task of drafting common European principles for the most important aspects of the law of obligations and for certain parts of the law of property in movables which are especially relevant for the functioning of the common market. Like the Commission on European Contract Law's Principles of European Contract Law, the results of the research conducted by the Study Group on a European Civil Code seek to advance the process of Europeanisation of private law. Among other topics the series tackles sales and service contracts, distribution contracts and security rights, renting contracts and loan agreements, negotiorum gestio, delicts and unjustified enrichment law, transfer of property, and trust law. The principles furnish each of the national jurisdictions a grid reference. They can be agreed upon by the parties within the framework of the rules of private international law. They may provide a stimulus to both the national and European legislator for moulding private law. Beyond this, they aim to further discussion about the creation of a European Civil Code, or a Common Frame of Reference in the area of patrimonial law, by submitting a concrete model. The Principles of European Law are published in co-operation with Bruylant (Belgium), Sellier. European Law Publishers (Germany), Staempfli Publishers Ltd. (Switzerland).

Veiled Power conducts a thorough historical study of the relationship between international law and business corporations. It chronicles the emergence of the contemporary legal architecture for corporations in international law between 1886 and 1981. Doreen Lustig traces the relationship between two legal 'veils': the sovereign veil of the state and the corporate veil of the company. The interplay between these two veils constitutes the conceptual framework this book offers for the legal analysis of corporations in international law. By weaving together five in-depth case studies - Firestone in Liberia, the Industrialist Trials at Nuremberg, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Barcelona Traction and the emergence of the international investment law regime - a variety of contexts are covered, including international criminal law, human rights, natural resources, and the multinational corporation as a subject of regulatory concern. Together, these case studies offer a multifaceted account of the history of corporations in international law over time. The book seeks to demonstrate the facilitative role of international law in shaping and limiting the scope of responsibility of the private business corporation from the late-nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth century. Ultimately, Lustig suggests that, contrary to the prevailing belief that international law failed to adequately regulate private corporations, there is a history of close engagement between the two that allowed corporations to exert influence under a variety of legal regimes while obscuring their agency.

The practice of international litigation has been transformed in recent decades. Central to the development of international litigation as a field has been the remarkable career of Lord Collins: scholar, practitioner, judge and arbitrator. In this collection in his honour, inspired by Collinss own late 20th Century classic Essays in International Litigation and the Conflict of Laws (OUP 1994), Jonathan Harris and Campbell McLachlan present the research of sixteen jurists of international renown. They offer a fresh appraisal of key developments across the field: from climate litigation to offshore trusts, the impact of Brexit and the new tools for international judicial cooperation. Organised into five parts, the book offers a set of unique insights into the conduct of cross-border litigation; the judicial role in international cases; the shape of English private international law; the conduct of international arbitration; and the interface with public international law. As a whole, the book offers the opportunity to reflect on the deeper purposes of international litigation in the pursuit of comity.

The forum (non) conveniens doctrine provides the basis for the discretionary exercise of jurisdiction by English courts in private international law disputes. London's pre-eminence as a centre for international commercial litigation has led to its frequent deployment in proceedings where parties disagree over where a case should be heard. The doctrine's significance is not limited to England but extends to many Commonwealth jurisdictions which have embraced it. This is the first book-length study devoted entirely to examining the forum (non) conveniens doctrine's past, present, and future from the perspective of the law in England. By offering a meticulous and critical analysis of relevant historical and contemporary sources in England and elsewhere, it seeks to fill gaps in relevant knowledge of the English forum (non) conveniens doctrine, and challenge certain views concerning its operation that have come to be regarded as representing the orthodoxy. In this respect, the book attempts to refine our understanding of the doctrine's historical development, evaluate its application in the years following its formal recognition in England, and examine the case for revising it, given the changing nature of international commercial litigation in recent decades. The book's ultimate objective is to act as an authoritative and comprehensive reference point for those with an interest in the forum (non) conveniens doctrine, more specifically, and cross-border private litigation, more generally.

The Politics of Justice in European Private Law intends to highlight the differences between the Member States' concepts of social justice, which have developed historically, and the distinct European concept of access justice. Contrary to the emerging critique of Europe's justice deficit in the aftermath of the Euro crisis, this book argues that beneath the larger picture of the Monetary Union, a more positive and more promising European concept of justice is developing. European access justice is thinner than national social justice, but access justice represents a distinct conception of justice nevertheless. Member States or nation states remain free to complement European access justice and bring to bear their own pattern of social justice.

A fresh and insightful guide to post-financial crisis cross-border insolvency, this book interrogates the current regime and sets out a framework for improving its future. In recent decades, and especially since the global financial crisis, a number of important initiatives have focused on developing the mechanisms for managing the insolvency of multinational enterprises and financial institutions. The book considers the effectiveness of the current system and identifies the gaps that could be bridged by adopting certain strategies and tools, to improve the system further. The book first discusses the theoretical debate regarding cross-border insolvency and surveys the strengths and weaknesses of the prevailing method-modified universalism in its application to both commercial entities and financial institutions, consequently identifying a single set of emerging norms. The book argues that adhering to these norms more robustly would enhance global welfare and produce the best outcomes for businesses and institutions. By drawing upon sources from international law as well as behavioural and economic theory, the book offers a blueprint for meeting the demands of future cross-border insolvencies. It considers how to translate modified universalism into binding international law and how to choose the right instrument for cross-border insolvency as well as the impact that instrument design has on decisions and choices. It explores how to encourage compliance and proposes mechanisms that could potentially overcome, or at least take into account, behavioural biases in decision-making.

This book explores the theory and practice of judicial jurisdiction within the field of private international law. It offers a revised look at values justifying the power of courts to hear and decide cross-border disputes, and demonstrates that a re-conceptualisation of jurisdiction is needed. Rather than deriving from territorial power of states, jurisdiction in civil and commercial cross-border matters ought to be driven by party autonomy. This autonomy can be limited by certain considerations of equality and critical state sovereign interests. The book applies this normative view to the existing rules of jurisdiction in the European Union and the Russian Federation. These regimes are chosen due to their unique positions towards values in private international law and contrasting societal norms that generate and accommodate these values. Notwithstanding disparate cultural and political ideas, these regimes reveal a surprising level of consistency when it comes to enforcement of party autonomy. There is, nevertheless, room for improvement. The book demonstrates to scholars, policy makers and lawmakers that jurisdiction should be re-centred around the interests of private actors, and proposes ways to improve the current rules.

The fifth edition of Clarkson & Hill's Conflict of Laws provides a clear and up-to-date account of the private international law topics covered at undergraduate level. Theoretical issues and fundamental principles are introduced in the first chapter and expanded upon in later chapters. Basic principles of the conflict of laws are presented in an approachable style, offering clarity on complex points and terminology without over-simplification. The fifth edition reflects the field's changing focus from case law to domestic and European legislation, incorporating the Brussels I Regulation and Brussels II Revised Regulation, as well as the more recent Rome Regulations and Brussels I Recast. Embracing this reorientation of the field and increased emphasis on the recognition and enforcement of judgments, the authors provide detailed commentary on the most important commercial topics as well as the most relevant topics in family law. Written in a succinct and engaging style, Clarkson & Hill's Conflict of Laws continues to provide clear analysis of the key areas of debate across jurisdictions.

Examining the impact, both actual and potential, of human rights concerns on private international law as well as the oft overlooked topic of the impact of private international law on human rights, this work represents an invaluable resource for all those working or conducting research in these areas. Human Rights and Private International Law is the first title to consider and analyse the numerous English private international law cases discussing human rights concerns arising in the commercial law context, alongside high profile cases dealing with torture (Jones v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) and same sex marriage (Wilkinson v Kitzinger).The right to a fair trial is central to the intersection between human rights and private international law, and is considered in depth along with the right to freedom of expression; the right to respect for private and family life; the right to marry; the right to property; and the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of religion, sex, or nationality. Focussing on, though not confined to, the human rights set out in the ECHR, the work also examines the rights laid down under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and other international human rights instruments.

This book offers a global solution for determining the law applicable to a claim to clawback an inter vivos gift from a third party within the context of a succession. The book aims to identify an appropriate and applicable legal framework which supports legal certainty for cross-border estate planning and protects the legitimate expectations of the relevant parties. This is an area of private international law that has yet to be handled satisfactorily - as can be seen by the inadequate treatment of clawback from third parties in the 1989 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of Deceased Persons, and the 2012 EU Succession Regulation.

The Rome I Regulation applies to all EU Member States (except Denmark) in relation to 'contractual obligations in civil and commercial matters' in 'situations involving a conflict of laws' that arise out of contracts concluded from 17 December 2009. The Rome I Regulation has been described by the European Commission as 'a central element of the Community acquis in the area of civil justice'. This book is the most comprehensive work on the development of the Rome I Regulation that studies in detail the historical background, the legislative development and the teleological purpose of the Regulation. Beginning with the work that led up to the 1972 Draft Convention and the much neglected original French rapporteur's commentary, the author traces developments in the text through the 1980 Convention, highlights the legislative developments that began with the 2003 Green Paper, the Commission's 2005 Proposal and the subsequent negotiations that took place in the European Council and European Parliament that led to the final text of the Rome I Regulation itself. Particular emphasis is placed on highlighting the legislative intent reflected in the changes to the text of the draft Regulation that were made by the Civil Law Committee (Rome I) of the Council. The book marks out the borderline between the Rome I and Rome II Regulations, and considers in detail the application of the conflict-of-law rules in the Rome I Regulation to the specifically protected contracts such as consumer, insurance, carriage of passengers and individual employment contracts. It provides a primary source of reference for all readers involved in the practical interpretation of the Rome I Regulation, or who are interested in choice of law issues arising in international commercial contractual disputes.

Contemporary debates about the changing nature of law engage theories of legal pluralism, political economy, social systems, international relations (or regime theory), global constitutionalism, and public international law. Such debates reveal a variety of emerging responses to distributional issues which arise beyond the Western welfare state and new conceptions of private transnational authority. However, private international law tends to stand aloof, claiming process-based neutrality or the apolitical nature of private law technique and refusing to recognize frontiers beyond than those of the nation-state. As a result, the discipline is paradoxically ill-equipped to deal with the most significant cross-border legal difficulties - from immigration to private financial regulation - which might have been expected to fall within its remit. Contributing little to the governance of transnational non-state power, it is largely complicit in its unhampered expansion. This is all the more a paradox given that the new thinking from other fields which seek to fill the void - theories of legal pluralism, peer networks, transnational substantive rules, privatized dispute resolution, and regime collision - have long been part of the daily fare of the conflict of laws. The crucial issue now is whether private international law can, or indeed should, survive as a discipline. This volume lays the foundations for a critical approach to private international law in the global era. While the governance of global issues such as health, climate, and finance clearly implicates the law, and particularly international law, its private law dimension is generally invisible. This book develops the idea that the liberal divide between public and private international law has enabled the unregulated expansion of transnational private power in these various fields. It explores the potential of private international law to reassert a significant governance function in respect of new forms of authority beyond the state. To do so, it must shed a number of assumptions entrenched in the culture of the nation-state, but this will permit the discipline to expand its potential to confront major issues in global governance.

This book provides the first comprehensive discussion of conflicts between legal bases in EU law. It fills an important gap in the existing literature on the choice of legal basis in EU law by analysing the structure of legal bases and the resulting legal basis litigation in the European Union, thus identifying areas of conflict produced by overlapping competences, divergent inter-institutional interests, and inconsistencies in the courts' judgements. While certain cases have been discussed extensively in academic literature (e.g. Tobacco Advertising, ECOWAS), there has been little analysis of the general underlying criteria and principles governing the choice of legal basis on the part of European institutions. Such an analysis has, however, become necessary in order to better understand and possibly predict judicial outcomes, and to identify flaws in the current legislative framework.

By providing a private international law analysis of a field in which international conventions coexist with national law and regional law, this book offers different theoretical and methodological insights into the conflict of laws and the conflict of jurisdictions, aiming ultimately at the juridical continuity of legal relations across national borders. Central to the book is the jurisdictional function of arrest of ships. Forum arresti-the paradigmatic forum selection criterion in English and Scots law-has survived so far as a specific jurisdictional basis for maritime claims in the process of Europeanization of private international law. One of the main purposes of this book is to provide a theoretical framework within which forum arresti in the case of the arrest of ships gains legitimacy. It proposes a positive approach to jurisdictional issues through the lenses of international judicial co-operation and provides a theoretical justification for the triumph of forum arresti in the international maritime context where traditionally this has been justified by historical and practical reasons. Considering the the topic in the context of the Europeanization of private international law and the Brussels I Regulation, this book includes valuable insight into theories of characterisation as applied to uniform provisions such as the International Arrest Conventions, and challenges the indistinctive characterisation of the arrest of ships as an inherent part of the action in rem in English law. This is a scholarly analysis offering an expert perspective on the arrest of ships in the international commercial sphere to draw conclusions on the advancement of further harmonisation in this field. Through its focus on English and Scots law in the light of international conventions, this book provides a framework which will give practical answers to the many complex private international law issues that arise in relation to the arrest of ships.

In 1956, ICJ judge Philip Jessup highlighted the gaps between private and public international law and the need to adapt the law to border-crossing problems. Today, sixty years later, we still ask what role transnational law can play in a deeply divided, post-colonial world, where multinationals hold more power and more assets than many nation states. In searching for suitable answers to pressing legal problems such as climate change law, security, poverty and inequality, questions of representation, enforcement, accountability and legitimacy become newly entangled. As public and private, domestic and international actors compete for regulatory authority, spaces for political legitimacy have become fragmented and the state's exclusivist claim to be law's harbinger and place of origin under attack. Against this background, transnational law emerges as a conceptual framework and method laboratory for a critical reflection on the forms, fora and processes of law making and law contestation today.

"This book examines the divorce aspects of the Brussels II bis Regulation (Regulation 2201/2003). It gives detailed consideration to the new jurisdictional rules and to the likely interpretation of the core jurisdictional concept of 'habitual residence'. The scope of the Regulation is analyzed, and particular attention is given to its possible application to civil partnerships and same-sex marriages. The book also analyzes the Regulation's impact on ancillary relief matters and its interaction with related measures of Community and national law in that context. The new recognition procedures are considered in detail, as are the defences to recognition, and the wider consequences of automatic recognition are assessed. The book provides in-depth coverage of relevant case-law of the national and Community courts, and particular attention is given to the likely impact of the cases decided under the 1968 Brussels Convention and under Regulation 44/2001 (including the Owusu case)"--