Tree-based production systems have enormous potential to reduce vulnerability and increase the resilience of households living in dryland regions of sub-Saharan Africa. This paper identifies some of the most promising investment opportunities at the level of tree-based systems.

Unprecedented changes in Bangladesh's rural economy have driven poverty reduction since 2000. This analysis of the dynamics of rural growth, especially the role of agriculture and its relationship to the non-farm economy, reveals priorities for accelerating and channeling that dynamism.

Local regeneration, and action on local issues, is fundamental to the sustainability of local communities. This is especially the case in the UK, with the Government focus on such approaches as Local Enterprise Partnerships and neighbourhood development plans, and further devolution proposals in the pipeline. The Local Regeneration Handbook meets the needs of today's practising "regeneration workers", broadly including anyone from regeneration partnership or development project officers to housing association neighbourhood officers, parish councillors, or other active local citizens, who all share a concern for the wellbeing of the community where they live or work, and a need to work with others for the best possible future for that community. Containing practical advice, templates, and real-life case studies for different stages in local regeneration, including fundraising, partnership development and project management, as well as support for personal development, and illustrations of key points by cartoonist Kipper Williams, this is an essential guide for anyone in local regeneration.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA/ERS) maintains four highly related but distinct geographic classification systems to designate areas by the degree to which they are rural. The original urban-rural code scheme was developed by the ERS in the 1970s. Rural America today is very different from the rural America of 1970 described in the first rural classification report. At that time migration to cities and poverty among the people left behind was a central concern. The more rural a residence, the more likely a person was to live in poverty, and this relationship held true regardless of age or race. Since the 1970s the interstate highway system was completed and broadband was developed. Services have become more consolidated into larger centers. Some of the traditional rural industries, farming and mining, have prospered, and there has been rural amenity-based in-migration. Many major structural and economic changes have occurred during this period. These factors have resulted in a quite different rural economy and society since 1970. In April 2015, the Committee on National Statistics convened a workshop to explore the data, estimation, and policy issues for rationalizing the multiple classifications of rural areas currently in use by the Economic Research Service (ERS). Participants aimed to help ERS make decisions regarding the generation of a county rural-urban scale for public use, taking into consideration the changed social and economic environment. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Official U.S. Rural Area Classification Systems 3 Other Rural Area Classification Systems Used in the United States and Internationally 4 Changes in Society and Economy and Their Impact on Rural Area Classifications 5 Different Ways to Conceptualize Rural Areas in Metropolitan Society 6 Uses of Current Rural Classification Systems 7 Changes in Social Science Data and Methods 8 Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of Rural Area Classifications 9 Closing Remarks Bibliography Appendix A: ERS Goals for Workshop on Rural Classifications Appendix B: Historical Development of ERS Rural-Urban Classification Systems--John Cromartie Appendix C: Workshop Agenda and List of Participants Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members Committee on National Statistics

American Indian reservation planning is one of the most challenging and poorly understood specializations within the American planning profession. Charged with developing a strategy to protect irreplaceable tribal homelands that have been repeatedly diminished over the ages through unjust public policy actions, it is also one of the most imperative. For centuries tribes have faced historical bigotry, political violence, and an unrelenting resistance to self-governance. Aided by a comprehensive reservation planning strategy, tribes can create the community they envisioned for themselves, independent of outside forces. In Planning the American Indian Reservation, Zaferatos presents a holistic and practical approach to explaining the practice of Native American planning. The book unveils the complex conditions that tribes face by examining the historic, political, legal, and theoretical dimensions of the tribal planning situation in order to elucidate the context within which reservation planning occurs. Drawing on more than thirty years of professional practice, Zaferatos presents several case studies demonstrating how effective tribal planning can alter the nature of the political landscape and help to rebalance the uneven relationships that have been formed between tribal governments and their nontribal political counterparts. Tribal planning's overarching objective is to assist tribes as they transition from passive objects of historical circumstances to principle actors in shaping their future reservation communities.

Technology has always played a decisive role in humanity's progress. Throughout history, it has not only strengthened economic development but has become a powerful tool for human development. Nevertheless, the positive impact technology has on human development may become tainted by the risks it entails.ICT Influences on Human Development, Interaction, and Collaboration creates awareness on how ICTs contribute to human development in multiple areas. This publication describes the link between ICTs and human development, which includes economic, social, and political development. It identifies potential applications for the development of human beings and provides insightful analysis about those factors (also contextual and institutional ones) that affect ICTs for human development initiatives. This book addresses future challenges, proposing strategies to both governments and international cooperation organizations for moving forward.

The Society for Advancement of Villagers' Education and Rural Assistance (SAVERA) is working for rural development and nation building. It is a forum of professionals, research scientists, social scientists, reformists, technocrats, and agriculturists, to provide critical inputs on major issues, relevant to development of rural India and to seek appropriate representation on the various committees, bodies, delegations, teams etc. at the State, National and International level. One of the objectives of SAVERA is to develop the literature on rural development, rural entrepreneurship, rural management, traditional knowledge, women entrepreneurship and Indian way of knowledge management. This book is the part of the SAVERA's objective. "Rural Development in Post Colonial Era" book will raise the prospective issues related to rural development in the stakeholders and society. When academia is talking much about bottom of the pyramid, it is a need to produce a thematic book on rural development. This book contains the scholarly written research papers on the emerging issues of rural development.

The Society for Advancement of Villagers' Education and Rural Assistance (SAVERA) is consistently working towards the rural development and nation building. The forum encourages manifold developmental activities in the field of research. It is a consortium of professionals, research scientists, social scientists, reformists, technocrats, and agriculturists, which offers critical inputs on development of rural India. One of the objectives of SAVERA is to develop the literature on rural entrepreneurship, rural development, rural management, traditional knowledge, women entrepreneurship and Indian way of knowledge management. However, "Rural Entrepreneurship Development in Liberalised Era" is an attempt to further the vision of SAVERA in the field of entrepreneurship. Collectively, the book puts forward the idea of rural entrepreneurship with Indian perspective. Since the existing literature suggests that entrepreneurship is a powerful tool to run a sustainable economy. Therefore, it becomes obligatory to produce a complete literature of rural entrepreneurship. The present edition is a collection of scholarly research papers on the various concerns of rural entrepreneurship development.

The Society for Advancement of Villagers' Education and Rural Assistance (SAVERA) is consistently working towards the rural development and nation building. The forum encourages manifold developmental activities in the field of research. It is a consortium of professionals, research scientists, social scientists, reformists, technocrats, and agriculturists, which offers critical inputs on development of rural India. One of the objectives of SAVERA is to develop the literature on rural entrepreneurship, rural development, rural management, traditional knowledge, women entrepreneurship and Indian way of knowledge management. However, "Rural Management in Post Reform Era" is an attempt to further the vision of SAVERA in the field of rural management. Collectively, the book puts forward the idea of rural management with Indian perspective. Since the existing literature suggests that management of rural resource is a powerful tool to run a sustainable economy. Therefore, it becomes obligatory to produce a complete literature of rural management. The present edition is a collection of scholarly research papers on the various concerns of rural management.

This book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Innovations and Advances (SIDIA 2020). The book addresses the issues of optimal resource allocation and utilization, construction cost minimization, budget optimization for infrastructure development in hilly terrain as well as plains, to ensure quality and safety with minimal environmental impact. The topics covered include planning, design and construction of sustainable infrastructure projects, policy and practices to be considered for the comprehensive development which is socially inclusive specifically in developing nations, transportation engineering and management which is performance-based and emerging economical models for partnerships, environment engineering and management for ascertaining the best methods for environmental impacts assessment to capture the true indirect costs of a infrastructure project, geotechnical and water resource engineering using new developments, and utilizing the various technological impacts for ensuring disaster preparedness of any region. This book can prove to be useful for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in the latest advances and innovations in sustainable infrastructure development.

Rural development researchers and practitioners have argued in recent years that investing in a broad range of assets is a critical component of long-term economic growth in rural communities. Wealth can contribute to people's welfare in many ways beyond increasing income, such as providing economic resilience in adverse circumstances or enhancing one's power and prestige. Understanding the distribution of wealth across and within rural communities is critical. Additionally, population loss is a longstanding concern among rural development practitioners. Nearly half of today's non-metropolitan counties lost population through net out-migration over the past 20 years. Population loss tends to increase tax burdens, reduce property values, and reduce both the demand for and supply of local goods and services. Rural out-migration is also troublesome because it is highly concentrated among young adults, especially those possessing or acquiring education and skills. This book examines rural America, with a focus on rural wealth, out-migration, population and transportation issues.

This book has been developed from a report of the cross-national PRIDE (Partnerships for Rural Integrated Development in Europe) research project. The research focused on the public and private sector rural development experience of six member states of the European Union, namely Finland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

Despite rapid urbanisation, Africa remains predominantly rural. This calls for decentralisation beyond the dominant concern by states and government with urban spaces. Rural areas, rural development and the future of rural settlements need to be understood and addressed in the context of the ongoing democratisation trends and the emergence and development of civil society. States have tended to tame rather than serve civil society in Africa. By establishing a single cultural reference and imposing a centralised state, African governments have exacerbated the fragmentation of civil society. However, political pluralism has slowly been gaining ground since the 1990s. This book explores the scope for implementing decentralisation programmes that focus on citizens in rural areas. For the purpose of decentralisation, civic participation in local politics and user participation in development programmes must be seen as two sides of the coin. The book focuses on spatial planning - a process concerned with spatial organisation in an integrative manner, and incorporates the design, establishment and implementation of a desired spatial structural organisation of land. This is especially relevant in a context where the formulation of guidelines for spatial development at the overall level of a state is inadequate.

Despite the recent economic upswing in many Latin American countries, rural poverty rates in the region have actually increased during the past two decades. Experts blame excessively centralized public administrations for the lackluster performance of public policy initiatives. In response, decentralization reformshave become a common government strategy for improving public sector performance in rural areas. The effect of these reforms is a topic of considerable debate among government officials, policy scholars, and citizens' groups. This book offers a systematic analysis of how local governments and farmer groups in Latin America are actually faring today.
Based on interviews with more than 1,200 mayors, local officials, and farmers in 390 municipal territories in four Latin American nations, the authors analyze the ways in which different forms of decentralization affect the governance arrangements for rural development "on the ground." Their comparative analysis suggests that rural development outcomes are systemically linked to locally negotiated institutional arrangements--formal and informal--between government officials, NGOs, and farmer groups that operate in the local sphere. They find that local-government actors contribute to public services that better assist the rural poor when local actors cooperate to develop their own institutional arrangements for participatory planning, horizontal learning, and the joint production of services.
This study brings substantive data and empirical analysis to a discussion that has, until now, more often depended on qualitative research in isolated cases. With more than 60 percent of Latin America's rural population living in poverty, the results are both timely and crucial.

Barbara McMartin narrates the history of Adirondack environmental policy in depth, beginning with the 1970 formation of the Adirondack Park Agency, set up to regulate private development and to oversee the planning of public terrain. Although hailed as the most innovative land-use legislation of its time, it ignited a wildfire of controversy, creating a landscape of conflict. Park residents protested. Government stood firm. Over the decades, disparate groups have sought to shape an effective program to protect Adirondack wildland but cannot seem to work together. This is the first comprehensive account of that ongoing drama: a stirring story of the environmental movement, public action, and government failure and success.

This book initiates a fresh discussion of affordability in rural housing set in the context of the rapidly shifting balance between rural and urban populations. It conceptualises affordability in rural housing along a spectrum that is interlaced with cultural and social values integral to rural livelihoods at both personal and community level. Developed around four intersecting themes: explaining houses and housing in rural settings; exploring affordability in the context of aspirations and vulnerability; rural development agendas involving housing and communities; and construction for resilience in rural communities, the book provides an overview of some of the little understood and sometimes counter-intuitive best practices on rural affordability and affordable housing that have emerged in developing economies over the last thirty years. Drawing on practice-based evidence this book presents innovative ideas for harnessing rural potential, and empowering rural communities with added affordability and progressive development in the context of housing and improved living standards. For a student aspiring to work in rural areas in developing countries it is an introduction to and map of some key solutions around the critical area of affordable housing For the rural development professional, it provides a map of a territory they rarely see because they are absorbed in a particular rural area or project For the academic looking to expand their activities into rural areas, especially in rural housing, it provides a handy introduction to a body of knowledge serving 47% of the world's population, and how this differs from urban practice For the policy makers, it provides a map for understanding the dynamics around rural affordability, growth potential and community aspirations helping them to devise appropriate intervention programs on rural housing and development

Symposium papers apprasising the course United States land policy had taken in the 100 years since President Lincoln had signed the Homestead Act.

Many inhabitants of rural areas in developing countries do not have adequate and affordable access to transport infrastructure services. Insufficient access to transport constrains economic and social development and contributes to poverty. This book focuses on improving rural mobility by facilitating the provision of affordable means of transport and transport services. It concentrates on the many and varied types of transport that provide mobility such as bus service, freight trucks, bush taxis, transport animals, bicycles, and handcarts.

The landscape is a vital spatial and material frame for our natural and man-made environment and is considered by many stakeholders to be one of the most important aspects of a healthy, enjoyable life. This book deals with the current trends in the theory of the integration of landscape aspects in spatial planning and development processes. The authors discuss the need for integrated land use planning, landscape planning and impact assessment, and explore landscape consideration practice in European countries, with a special focus on Slovakia. Information about landscape decision-making approaches and cases illustrates current practice and lessons from experience, providing baseline material for landscape academic forum, members of the public and professionals in spatial development making: planners, designers, architects, engineers and others. This practice-oriented and up-to-date monograph is a sourcebook and reference guide to key trends, issues of and approaches to sustainable spatial development in European countries.

Building Effective Crisis Communications for Disaster Recovery: A Case of Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation in Sichuan, China reviews and evaluates public relations (PR) campaigns launched by the Chinese government to facilitate long-term disaster recovery after the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. The Discourse of Renewal (DR) theory is employed to guide the study and explore how the Chinese government utilized communication to help communities recover from disaster and promote community growth. Steered by the co-creational perspective, this book also examines the influence of PR campaigns on the public's situation awareness, attitude agreement, perceived care and concern, and ultimately the public's relationship with the Chinese government in renewal. In addition to developing and testing a DR evaluation model, this study investigates the communication obstacles that constrain the effectiveness of DR. In-depth interviews, content analysis, and surveys are conducted to analyze the themes, characteristics, effectiveness, and barriers of the campaigns. The findings of Building Effective Crisis Communications for Disaster Recovery include that (1) DR theory, which has heretofore been developed and applied mainly in Western culture, can inform the study of crisis communication in an Eastern culture, especially in China, (2) DR employed in government campaigns can be very powerful in achieving PR goals in crisis renewal, and (3) imbalanced deployment of campaign resources can affect the outcome of DR. This book also discusses the implications of utilizing these findings to better plan and implement long-term DR campaigns.