The modern definition of firefighter no longer means "putting the wet stuff on the red stuff." Emergency responders answer incidents ranging from fire alarm activations to elevator rescues and medical emergencies more often than full-blown fires. Consequently, responders increasingly interface with a wide array of building systems. Underscoring the changing role of firefighters, Fire Protection: Systems and Response presents the basic knowledge of the inner workings of fire safety/fire protection systems and related equipment in buildings.

The author provides a straightforward overview of the functions and benefits of these systems and how they can assist with fire suppression, code enforcement, alarm response, and elevator rescue. The book's comprehensive discussion of elevators, fire command centers, emergency generators and lighting, and HVAC systems sets it apart from other fire protection books currently available. The topics covered prepare emergency response personnel for the challenges they face working with fire protection systems, fire alarm systems, and elevators.

Logically organized, clearly written, and covering all systems in a single text, this presentation of information streamlines fire service interaction with building features and fire protection systems. Providing an understanding of how systems are designed and installed, the book is also a reference for troubleshooting fire protection problems in the field. The information not only gives responders an appreciationknowledge of how the systems work, but helps them use this knowledge to perform their job better.

The combination of cheap, easily available materials, margin for error, suitability for amateurs and flexibility in terms of size and shape, make ferrocement tanks an ideal choice for anyone looking for long-term water security on a budget, and they work well in all but the harshest environment. With hands-on experience, the authors provide a detailed guide to enable confident and safe construction by anyone interested in building their own ferrocement tank. Felicity and Daniel share their reasons for choosing these tanks, how they calculated their water needs and how they constructed and maintain their tanks that cater for all their needs. With our weather patterns drastically shifting between drought and flood due to the climate change, it is vital to have reserves of water to rely on. Felicity and Daniel self-built their own house and included water tanks. They achieved water security for less than the cost of joining the local water network! Whether you are creating your own off-grid home, or want to reduce your carbon footprint and reliance on mains water, the ferrocement tank offers a simple, achievable and robust DIY solution.

This well-documented study examines one of the increasingly pressing problems for US homeland security: the storage and management of radioactive waste. Despite pressing homeland security and energy security concerns associated with highly radioactive waste, political considerations have prevented policy makers from adopting adequate long-term solutions to the problem. This book explores nuclear waste problems through the broader lens of federal, state and local government and the resultant constraints on policy that emerge within the American political system. Presenting specific case studies to highlight the deficiencies in current policy and planning as well as the possibility of terrorist activity, it is highly suited to courses on security studies and environmental politics.

This book provides concise, up-to-date and easy-to-follow information on an increasingly important area of hydro-environmental analysis and management. It covers important aspects of both surface and subsurface water quality management, as they are inseparable components of aquifers and the flow in physical domains occur in combination with the other. However, the main emphasis of the book is on the practical development and application of computer based algorithms, via appropriate schemes, to realistic problems. Mathematical theories are not discussed as they can be found in many expert books. All sections of the book include detailed descriptions of practical examples. It also, uniquely, gives explanations regarding the formulation of practical management schedules and tools for hydro-environmental systems. There is a lack of books dealing with the practical aspects of the application of computer modelling techniques to complex hydrodynamical phenomena, and this book has been written for professionals and researchers, especially those who are not trained mathematicians who, nevertheless, need to make managerial decisions. Computational Methods in the Management of Hydro-Environmental Systems will be an invaluable source of information for post-graduate level researchers and decision-makers who need to apply numerical modelling techniques to investigate hydrodynamic phenomena and pollutants dispersion in natural aquatic systems. Professionals and engineers, who now need to gain insights about the working of computer techniques for choosing appropriate schemes and applying them to realistic problems, will also value this work. Masters' level and final-year graduate students are also expected to benefit from the book.

In Water Sheikhs and Dam Builders Francesca de Chatel discusses the problems and paradoxes of water resources in the Middle East and North Africa, exploring the past, present, and future of water in the region and exposing the roots of the current water crisis.

The author provides a colorful and diverse portrait of a resource that is inextricably entwined with the history and future of the region and its peoples. Based on four years of research and travel from Iran to Libya and from Israel to Syria, the book combines lively character sketches, interviews, travel descriptions, historical anecdotes, and hard facts to reveal the complexity of this invaluable resource. Besides identifying the causes of the current water crisis, the book also discusses the reasons behind the widespread lack of awareness of the problem among the general public. The book deals with a variety of themes, such as the role of water in religions and ideologies, the impact of large-scale water projects on people's perception of the resource, and the politics of water pricing. The first four chapters focus on the historical and cultural legacy of water in the region and form the background to the second part of the book, which addresses various aspects of the current crisis. The last two chapters look at the future of water management, identifying a number of strategies that could lead to a more sustainable water use.

By exploring the history and culture of water and approaching the subject from a human perspective, de Chatel takes an entirely new angle on the much-discussed question of water scarcity in the Middle East. Unlike other books on the subject that provide specialized geopolitical, economic, and hydrological analyses, Water Sheikhs and Dam Builders presents the reality of water scarcity through the eyes of those who have to confront the problem on a daily basis. As such, it will capture the interest of environmental scientists, water experts, and Middle East scholars as well as general readers with an interest in the Middle East and the environment.

At a time of great turmoil and crisis, environmentally, socially and politically, water has emerged as a topic of huge global concern. Moreover, many argue that what is needed in order to change our relationship with the environment is a cultural paradigm shift. To this end, this volume brings together diverse approaches to exploring human relationships with the watery world and the other living things that rely upon it. Through exploring multiple creative ways of engaging with water and people, the volume adds to the current zeitgeist of writing about water by expanding the discussion about this vital substance and how, as humans, we relate to it. Chapters focus on creative explorations and explorations of creativity in relation to developing these understandings, including concepts such as hydrocitizenship and responses to drought and flooding. Drawing on the in-depth research and experience of arts practitioners including participatory artists, as well as academics from a variety of fields including geography, anthropology, health studies and environmental humanities, the book provides a rich and multidisciplinary perspective on water and creative ways of engaging and understanding human-water relationships. It represents a valuable source and inspiration for academics, arts practitioners and those involved in environmental policy and governance.

Water conflicts in India have now percolated to every level. They are aggravated by the relative paucity of frameworks, policies and mechanisms to govern the use of water resources. Based on the premise that understanding and documenting different types of water conflict cases in all their complexity would contribute to informed public debate and facilitate their resolution, Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, a collaborative initiative of the WWF project 'Dialogue on Water, Food and Environment', documented a number of such case studies. One of its kind in India, this book brings together an impressive sixty-three case studies - summarized status of the conflicts, the issues involved and their current position - and gives us a glimpse into 'the million revolts' that are brewing around water. While recognizing that each conflict is a microcosm of wider conflicts, the editors have classified these cases into eight broad themes that try to capture the dominant aspect of the conflict. These are: contending water uses; dams and displacement; equity-access-allocations; micro-level conflicts; water quality; trans-boundary conflicts; privatization; sand excavation and mining. With a mix of academics and activists as contributors, the book makes an important contribution to a new discourse on water in general, and water conflicts and conflict resolution in particular.

Introduction to Chemical Exposure and Risk Assessment focuses on the principles involved in assessing the risks from chemical exposure. These principles include the perception of risk, an understanding of how numbers are handled, and how chemicals affect health. The book briefly describes the major sinks, such as water and air, where chemicals are introduced. This is followed by a discussion on how concentrations are estimated and risk assessments are made. A discussion of risk benefit analysis and a presentation of several case studies using the principles for assessing risks are also included.

Published in 1992, this book concentrates on recent developments, applications and aspects relating to numerical hydraulic models for predicting flow and water quality parameters in coastal, estuarine and river waters and river systems. The various chapters cover a range of different types of models and discuss the role of such numerical models for environmental impact assessment studies. The book is based on papers presented by leading experts in the field at a symposium held on 13 November 1991, organized by the Tyne and Humber Branch of the Institution of Water and Environmental Management. It covers the latest developments in modelling techniques and approaches and also the concepts of water quality modelling as required and seen from the viewpoints of regulatory agencies such as the NRA, consulting engineers and specialist modelling laboratories such as HR Wallingford and WRc. As well as an up-to-date review, it provides an understanding of the problems relating to water quality modelling, and the scope and requirements for using water quality models in the water industry. Readership includes practising engineers and scientists in the water industry, including consulting engineers, water companies and the NRA and other government departments, university and polytechnic libraries, staff and students and all other members of the water engineering profession._

Reap the benefits of sludge
The processing of wastewater sludge for use or disposal has been a continuing challenge for municipal agencies. Yet, whensludge is properly processed, the resulting nutrient-rich product--biosolids--can be a valuable resource for agriculture and other uses. Wastewater Sludge Processing brings together a wide body of knowledge from the field to examine how to effectively process sludge to reap its benefits, yet protect public health.
Presented in a format useful as both a reference for practicing environmental engineers and a textbook for graduatestudents, this book discusses unit operations used for processing sludge and the available methods for final disposition of the processed product. Topics discussed include sludge quantities and characteristics, thickening and dewatering, aerobicand anaerobic digestion, alkaline stabilization, composting, thermal drying and incineration, energy consumption, and the beneficial use of biosolids.
COMPREHENSIVE IN ITS COVERAGE, THE TEXT:
* Describes new and emerging technologies as well as international methods
* Compares different types of sludge processing methods
* Explains both municipal and industrial treatment technologies
Written by authors with decades of experience in the field, Wastewater Sludge Processing is an invaluable tool for anyone planning, designing, and implementing municipal wastewater sludge management projects.

This study, on innovative methods for the capture of metals from stormwater, mainly focused on two major areas of investigation: media filters and swales. Twelve media were chosen for initial evaluation. The three best performing media: peat-sand mix, compost, and zeolite were then selected for in-depth study. The results of this investigation emphasize the importance of characterizing the stormwater before selecting a treatment media since the type and quantity of metals, pH, and other runoff characteristics can vary a great deal between sites. For example, determining the range of metal concentrations to be treated is crucial to selecting the best media, since the removal efficiencies of the media relative to each other changed with varying metal concentration. Media that were effective at high metals concentrations were outperformed by some media at the low metals concentrations typically found in stormwater. Upflow columns proved more effective than downflow columns in the control of detention time and a reduction in clogging of the media by solids and associated head loss in the column. Studies on the effect of anaerobiosis on metal retention by filter systems indicated that heavy metals were not mobilized from filter systems under anaerobic conditions. It was found that metal retention within the filters was not different from what was observed in oxygenated environments. However, it is plausible that under certain specific environmental conditions, co-precipitation of metals by iron- and sulfate- reducing bacteria may take place in stormwater treatment systems. Tests also indicate that the heavy metals of concern remain strongly bound to the particulates during long exposures at the extreme pH conditions likely to occur in receiving water sediments. They will also likely remain strongly bound to the particulates in stormwater control device sumps or detention pond sediments where particulate-bound metals are captured.

The book focuses on Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment but not only provides a series of innovative solutions for water reclamation through advanced membrane technology but also serves as a medium to promote international cooperation and networking for the development of advanced membrane technology for Universal well-being and to achieve the common goal of supplying economically, environmentally and societally sustainable freshwater and better sanitation systems. This book is unique because the chapters were authored by established researchers all around the globe based on their recent research findings. In addition, this book provides a holistic coverage of membrane development for water treatment, from the membrane preparation and characterizations to the performance for specific processes and applications. Since that water scarcity has become a global risk and one of the most serious challenges for the scientific community in this century, the publication of this book is therefore significant as it will serve as a medium for a good reference of an alternative solution in water reclamation. This book will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the different available approaches for manufacturing membranes both with innovative polymeric systems and inorganic nano-materials which could give enhanced functionalities, catalytic and antimicrobial activities to improve the performance of the existing membranes. It will be useful for leading decision and policy makers, water sector representatives and administrators, policy makers from the governments, business leaders, business houses in water treatment, and engineers/ scientists from both industrialized and developing countries as well.

Offers a guide to current environmental health and safety statutes--providing a working knowledge of the major legislations and regulations and demonstrating the steps necessary for compliance. Illustrates overall health and safety management skills for multimedia facilities.

In order to facilitate more effective integration of monitoring data and technically sound assessment methodologies into the waterbody assessment and listing process, a critical evaluation of the current methodologies employed by the states was recognized by WERF. Funding was provided to document and evaluate current assessment and listing methodologies employed by the states during the development of their Integrated Reports. The findings from the review of current waterbody assessment methodologies presented herein provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the science for the waterbody assessment and listing process. Using the strengths found in many of the states assessment methodologies and information found in other guidance, the Research Team developed recommendations which request the states to: 1) develop and publish minimum data quantity and quality requirements, 2) better integrate monitoring programs with waterbody assessment needs, 3) develop standardized assessment units that allow for better water quality extrapolation, 4) develop numeric water quality criteria by which to more reliably determine support or impairment of designated uses, 5) use statistically-based data evaluation techniques to more confidently determine attainment of water quality standards, and 6) include the public in the assessment and listing methodology development process.

Sludge treatment and disposal is the sixth volume in the series Biological wastewater treatment. The book covers in a clear and didactic way the sludge characteristics, production, treatment (thickening, dewatering, stabilisation, pathogens removal) and disposal (land application for agricultural purposes, sanitary landfills, landfarming and other methods). Environmental and public health issues are also fully described. The Biological Wastewater Treatment series is based on the book Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions and on a highly acclaimed set of best selling textbooks. This international version is comprised by six textbooks giving a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment. Other books in the Biological Wastewater Treatment series: Volume 1: Wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal Volume 2: Basic principles of wastewater treatment Volume 3: Waste stabilisation ponds Volume 4: Anaerobic reactors Volume 5: Activated sludge and aerobic biofilm reactors Volume 6: Sludge treatment and disposal

This volume describes various scenarios of conflict and cooperation over water resources among stakeholders in a variety of settings. It discusses treaty making over international rivers, bilateral cooperation on river development between South Africa and Lesotho, the political economy of water supply in the Pacific Island region, the establishment of the Mekong River Commission in Southeast Asia, comparative river basin management in the United States and South Korea, and the International Joint Commission formed by Canada and the United States to resolve boundary water conflicts. The book also explores national domestic conflicts over water resources in Bangladesh and China, Cold War hydropolitics in Southern Africa, water management conflicts in the Niger River Basin of West Africa, and water as commodity and source of conflict in Australia.

Since antiquity, humanity has used engineering techniques to manage the transport and distribution of its most important resource fresh water. Population growth and climate change are making the good management of water resources ever more essential and this book focuses on advanced methods for the control of water flow in open-channel systems.

Open-channel hydraulics are described by hyperbolic equations, derived from laws of conservation of mass and momentum, called Saint-Venant equations. In conjunction with hydraulic structure equations these are used to represent the dynamic behavior of water flowing in rivers, irrigation canals, transportation waterways and sewers. A lot of water is wasted because of poor management of such systems and automatic control has long been identified as a possible way to improve their operational management.

Building on a detailed analysis of open-channel flow modeling, Modeling and Control of Hydrosystems constructs control design methodologies based on a frequency domain approach. The difficulty involved with rigorous design of boundary controllers for hyperbolic systems is well known but, in practice, many open-channel systems are controlled with classical input output controllers that are usually poorly tuned. The approach of this book, fashioning pragmatic engineering solutions for the control of open channels is given rigorous mathematical justification. Once the control objectives are clarified, a generic control design method is proposed, first for a canal pool, and then for a whole canal. The methods developed in the book have been validated on several canals of various dimensions, from experimental laboratory canals to a large scale irrigation canal.

From the detailed analysis of realistic open-channel flow dynamics, and moving to the design of effective controllers, Modeling and Control of Hydrosystems will be of interest to control and civil engineers, and also to academics from both fields.

The central challenge for Arizona and many other arid regions in the world is keeping a sustainable water supply in the face of rapid population growth and other competing demands. This book highlights new approaches that Arizona has pioneered for managing its water needs. The state has burgeoning urban areas, large agricultural regions, water dependent habitats for endangered fish and wildlife, and a growing demand for water-based recreation. A multi-year drought and climate-related variability in water supply complicate the intense competition for water. Written by well-known Arizona water experts, the essays in this book address these issues from academic, professional, and policy perspectives that include economics, climatology, law, and engineering. Among the innovations explored in the book is Arizona's Groundwater Management Act. Arizona is not alone in its challenges. As one of the seven states in the Colorado River Basin that depend heavily on the river, Arizona must cooperate, and sometimes compete, with other state, tribal, and federal governments. One institution that furthers regional cooperation is the water bank, which encourages groundwater recharge of surplus surface water during wet years so that the water remains available during dry years. The Groundwater Management Act imposes conservation requirements and establishes planning and investment programs in renewable water supplies. The essays in Arizona Water Policy are accessible to a broad policy-oriented and nonacademic readership. The book explores Arizona's water management and extracts lessons that are important for arid and semi-arid areas worldwide.

A practical guide to wastewater bacteria and the roles they perform in wastewater treatment
Communicating material in a practical manner for operators and technicians who regulate and troubleshoot their wastewater treatment processes, Wastewater Bacteria discusses the effective control and proper operation of aerobic (activated sludge) and anaerobic (anaerobic digesters) biological treatment units to ensure that an adequate, active, and appropriate population of bacteria is present in each treatment unit. It is a hands-on guide to understanding the biology and biological conditions that occur at each treatment unit.
Avoiding unnecessary technical jargon and chemical equations, Wastewater Bacteria, the fifth book in the Wastewater Microbiology Series, explores and explains:
* Bacteria and the wastewater environment
* Enzymes and sludge production
* Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur bacteria
* Floc formation and filamentous organisms
* Nitrification and denitrification
* Sulfate reduction, fermentation, and methane production
* Toxicity
* Foam and malodor production
The goal of Wastewater Bacteria is to enable plant operators to achieve the twofold basic objectives of wastewater treatment-to degrade organic wastes to a level where a significant, dissolved oxygen demand is not exerted upon receiving waters and to remove nutrients to levels where photosynthetic organisms in receiving waters are limited in their growth. This straightforward manual equips plant technicians to meet these objectives with essential information to understand the biological processes and organisms involved in wastewater treatment.

Anaerobic biological treatment systems can offer a number of advantages over their aerobic counterparts. The operational costs associated with anaerobic systems are typically lower than with aerobic systems, and anaerobic systems also generate less waste sludge. In addition, the energy associated with the biogas produced during anaerobic biological treatment can potentially be recovered. However, to date, the use of conventional anaerobic biological systems for the treatment of dilute wastewaters has been relatively limited. The present study was designed to address this current knowledge gap. The specific objectives of the present study were (1) to assess and compare the treatment performance of external and a submerged membrane AnMBRs operated at different OLRs when treating a low strength municipal wastewater at a relatively low temperature, (2) to assess and compare the membrane filtration characteristics of mixed liquors generated in external and submerged membrane AnMBRs, (3) to assess and compare the membrane filtration characteristics of a mixed liquor in AnMBRs when filtering through inorganic and organic membranes, and (4) to assess and compare the membrane filtration characteristics of the mixed liquors generated in AnMBRs to the mixed liquor generated in an aerobic MBR operated with the same influent wastewater.

Originally written for the construction of gravity-flow drinking water systems in Nepal, this book is equally applicable for other locations around the world. Organized for quick reference, it is quickly and easily understood.

Municipal Wastewater Management in Developing Countries discusses various approaches to municipal wastewater management in order to protect both public health and the environment, with the major focus being on waterborne diseases. Developing countries can be divided into two main categories, i.e. countries in transition with higher growth rates where industrialisation and urbanisation are taking place rapidly, and countries with slower growth rates. It is important, therefore, that approaches should be tailor-made and site-specific. In general, the major trends of water pollution control have significantly contributed to the development of ?conventional sanitation? approaches in terms of legal and financial frameworks, as well as technological enhancement. Despite advances in the science, engineering and legal frameworks, 95 per cent of the wastewater in the world is released into the environment without treatment. Only five per cent of global wastewater is properly treated using the ?standard? sanitation facilities, mainly in developed countries. As a result, the majority of the world?s population is still exposed to waterborne diseases, and the quality of water resources has been rapidly degraded, particularly in poor developing countries. The challenge now is to provide the world?s population, especially the poor, with adequate water and sanitation facilities. Despite billions of dollars of investment spent every year, billions of poor people are still suffering and dying because of poor sanitation. At the beginning of this century, about 1.1 billion people lived without access to clean water (compared to about the same number in 1990), 2.4 billion without appropriate sanitation (compared to 2.3 billion in 1990) and four billion without sound wastewater disposal. The future scenario, that water resources will be further depleted by a growing world population, will be coupled with environmental degradation due to poor pollution control, particularly in most of the developing countries. In order to address the issue of water and wastewater management in developing countries it is necessary to take into consideration the segments of the society itself, particularly the types of housing areas. The segments will indicate the level of socio-economic, mentality and knowledge, which is important for any planned changes in their life style and social engineering. It is also important to segregate the funding framework of any proposed projects. High-income urban communities, for instance, are generally willing to pay for sewerage services and higher water supply tariffs, therefore a designated system can be accordingly provided. Over the past 10 years, serious criticism has been given to the ?conventional sanitation? approach, consequently many definitions, concepts and characteristics have been proposed on ?sustainable sanitation?. Sustainable sanitation is a relevant concept in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 of providing water supply and adequate sanitation for developing countries. Sustainable sanitation is flexible in approach any community ? poor or rich, urban or rural, water-rich or water-poor country ? and requires lower investment costs compared to conventional sanitation approaches. It is also important to note that the framework of sustainable sanitation is much easier to adopt in developing countries where water supply and sanitation infrastructures are still in the developing stages. In some developing countries, no public facilities are available therefore it is an ideal condition to start a new infrastructure with a new framework. This comprehensive reference, prepared by leading international authorities, will provide an invaluable reference for all those concerned with the management of sanitation services in developing countries worldwide.

Evaluating the effectiveness of conventional wet processes for cleaning silicon wafers in semiconductor production, this reference reveals concrete measures to improve ultrapure water quality reviewing the structure and physical characteristics of ultrapure water molecules.

Handbook of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Fundamentals and Scale up Issues provides coverage of the nanomaterials used for wastewater treatment, covering photocatalytic nanocomposite materials, nanomaterials used as adsorbents, water remediation processes, and their current status and challenges. The book explores the major applications of nanomaterials for effective catalysis and adsorption, also providing in-depth information on the properties and application of new advanced nanomaterials for wastewater treatment processes. This is an important reference source for researchers who need to solve basic and advanced problems relating to the use of nanomaterials for the development of wastewater treatment processes and technologies. As nanotechnology has the potential to substantially improve current water and wastewater treatment processes, the synthesis methods and physiochemical properties of nanomaterials and noble metal nanoparticles make their performance and mechanisms efficient for the treatment of various pollutants.

Integrated water resource management has been discussed since at least the Civil War; yet, there is still no integrated framework for sustainably managing water. Recognizing this need, the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) funded a research project to develop an integrated, conceptual framework for sustainable water resources management. Through WERF funding, this framework was developed over the past four years. Development of the framework was guided by the U.N. Agenda 21, Global Water Partnership, the Enlibra Principles, and Panarchy Theory. The conceptual framework for Sustainable Water Resources Management considers water as a renewable, but finite resource with global and regional constraints. It integrates ecological, economic, and social considerations through institutional and legal/regulatory constructs to move toward sustainable water resources. Implementation of the framework is guided by a process flow chart that considers both crisis management and proactive management activities. Sustainability is as much an outcome as a goal. If water resources are viewed within a total systems context and monitored, assessed and adaptively managed through time, sustainable water resources are the outcome.