Lack of clean water is one of the most important public health challenges in less developed communities. Due to insufficient financial and technical resources in places in need, development of low-cost water treatment technologies can play a key role in sustainable water provision. In this context, this PhD research investigated the removal of pathogenic microorganisms in simple sand filtration set-ups supplemented with low-cost adsorbents (hydrochar) produced via hydrothermal carbonization of biowastes. Two types of hydrochar, derived from hydrothermal carbonization of agricultural residue of maize and stabilized sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant, were evaluated as adsorbents for Escherichia coli removal in saturated sand columns. The removal efficiency of sand columns amended with these adsorbents improved from 20-70% to ~90 % by alkali activation carried out in room temperatures using 1 M potassium hydroxide solution. This PhD research also demonstrates the removal of human pathogenic viruses in sand columns supplemented with hydrochar adsorbents derived from stabilized sewage sludge and fresh swine waste. In order to enumerate human pathogenic rotavirus and adenovirus in virus removal experiments, low-cost polymerase chain reaction assays were developed under this PhD study. These assays show a competent performance in analyzing virus concentrations in both laboratory and environmental samples. Amendment with either hydrochar (without alkali activation) in sand columns was able to remove more than 99% of both viruses.

With growing public pressure and increasingly stringent environmental legislation, the waste industry is now being called upon to develop more sustainable methods of dealing with refuse. Coupled with moves to reduce reliance on landfill as a disposal route, biological treatment will increasingly become adopted as a standard requirement for the vast majority of putrescible wastes. Biowaste and Biological Waste Treatment examines the present, and likely future, state of biological waste treatment. The book falls naturally into three parts. The first covers the nature of biowaste, waste treatment in general and the regulatory framework which governs it. The second looks at the technologies and approaches available, while the final part examines the various policy questions and local, social and economic factors which affect the implementation of biowaste initiatives.

This reference/text offers a systematic and unified approach to the classical theories and recent techniques of multilayered aquifer systems-clarifying governing principles and facilitating industrial problem solving. Uses the automated numerical Laplace inversion procedure to simplify mathematical material Multilayered Aquifer Systems progresses from the non-leaky and leaky aquifers of Theis, Cooper-Jacob, Jacob-Lohman, Papadopulos-Cooper, Hantush-Jacob, and Hantush-Neuman to the multilayer aquifer theory of Neuman-Witherspoon-Herrera treats sensitivity and stochastic analyses utilizes the latest computer methods for parameter determination examines groundwater with fractured aquifers encourages application of theories by supplying specialized tools based on Fortran programs and macro packages for MathematicaT and much more Referenced and illustrated with over 860 literature citations, drawings, and tables, Multilayered Aquifer Systems is an excellent reference and self-study companion for civil, environmental, groundwater, water supply and resource, and agricultural engineers; hydrogeologists and geologists; and an invaluable text for graduate and continuing-education students in these disciplines.

The second edition of Restoration of Contaminated Aquifers: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Compounds incorporates the latest advances in in-situ remediation and natural attenuation, and maintains the comprehensive, accessible structure that made the first edition a classic.
The new edition broadens the scope of the first by examining all forms of hydrocarbon contamination. The authors emphasize the remediation of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) and, Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs). They also address the growing role of natural attenuation.
The second edition opens with an improved introduction. There are new sections on site characterization, remediation economics and site closure. And unlike other books on this subject, the new edition offers vital managerial and project management guidance, such as, initial project planning and assessment, a look at remediation economics, and a how-to on project closure and follow-up.
Since its initial publication in 1991, Restoration of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Aquifers has been the established, invaluable reference for environmental professionals and regulators. Its sweeping, yet approachable format is inestimable in the field, in the lab, and in the policy-making arena. Restoration of Contaminated Aquifers: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Compounds will continue to be the guide to the war against petroleum contamination.

The main objective of this research was to optimize the electron donor supply in sulphate reducing bioreactors treating sulphate rich wastewater. Two types of electron donor were tested: lactate and slow release electron donors such as carbohydrate based polymers and lignocellulosic biowastes. Biological sulphate reduction was evaluated in different bioreactor configurations: the inverse fluidized bed, sequencing batch and batch reactors. The reactors were tested under steady-state, high-rate and transient-state feeding conditions of electron donor and acceptor, respectively. The results showed that the inverse fluidized bed reactor configuration is robust and resilient to transient and high-rate feeding conditions at a hydraulic retention time as low as 0.125 d. The biological sulphate reduction was limited by the COD:sulphate ratio (< 1.7). The results from artificial neural network modelling showed that the influent sulphate concentrations synergistically affected the COD removal efficiency and the sulphide production. Concerning the role of electron donors, the slow release electron donors allowed a biological sulphate reduction > 82% either using carbohydrate based polymers or lignocellulosic bio-wastes, in batch bioreactors. The biological sulphate reduction was limited by the hydrolysis-fermentation rate and by the complexity of the slow release electron donors.

Complete and quantitative, NAPL Removal: Surfactants, Foams, and Micro emulsions, belongs to a ten-monograph series that records the results of the Department of Defense/Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility environmental technology demonstrations. It presents the out come of field demonstrations of innovative in situ remediation technol ogies. In situ surfactant and cosolvent flushing for nonaqueous phase liquids constitutes a technique with the potential to reduce the mass of NAPL - a continuing source of groundwater contamination. This monog raph details two technologies - surfactant/foam and single-phase micro emulsion - selected for their potential to address the needed breakthr oughs. Copiously illustrated with figures and tables, NAPL Removal: Su rfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions takes you through the entire fiel d demonstration step-by-step. It describes the development of the proc esses, analyzes the costs, discusses design issues, and covers perform ance and potential application.

Presenting a useful reference to the current state of membrane technology and its likely future growth, this book covers all aspects of the technology and its applications in the water industry. Drawing on the experience of international experts, Membrane Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment encompasses many practical applications of specific membranes, including MF, UF, NF, RO and EDR, in the treatment of ground and surface water, backwash water, seawater, and industrial and domestic wastewater. Novel applications, process enhancements and the latest systems are also discussed. This book is an excellent guide to membrane technology and will be of great interest to water companies, industrialists, legislative bodies and anyone with an interest in the technology or its applications.

Pollution of waterbodies and the environment by petroleum industry is of particular concern in Nigeria. This problem can be addressed by the application of constructed wetlands (CWs) which is a nature-based system that is simple to construct, have low operational and maintenance costs in terms of supply of energy and its periodic maintenance. The application of CWs in Nigeria for polishing of petroleum refinery wastewater is an unprecedented research. This PhD thesis focused on some specific objectives which were characterization of treated secondary refinery wastewater, design, construction, operation and monitoring of planted (T. latifolia, C. alternifolius and C. dactylon) and unplanted vertical subsurface flow, horizontal subsurface flow and hybrid CWs for the removal of suspended solids, nutrients, heavy metals, organic matter and organic pollutants. The CWs effectively treated the petroleum contaminated wastewater to effluent compliance limits. In this study, T. latifolia planted CWs had consistently higher removal efficiencies for all the measured parameters than C. alternifolius and C. dactylon planted CW systems. Therefore, in order to improve the wastewater quality discharged by Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) Nigeria, meet stringent guidelines and protect the recipient streams, installation of CWs at the effluent discharge point of KRPC is strongly recommended.

At a time of great turmoil and crisis, environmentally, socially and politically, water has emerged as a topic of huge global concern. Moreover, many argue that what is needed in order to change our relationship with the environment is a cultural paradigm shift. To this end, this volume brings together diverse approaches to exploring human relationships with the watery world and the other living things that rely upon it. Through exploring multiple creative ways of engaging with water and people, the volume adds to the current zeitgeist of writing about water by expanding the discussion about this vital substance and how, as humans, we relate to it. Chapters focus on creative explorations and explorations of creativity in relation to developing these understandings, including concepts such as hydrocitizenship and responses to drought and flooding. Drawing on the in-depth research and experience of arts practitioners including participatory artists, as well as academics from a variety of fields including geography, anthropology, health studies and environmental humanities, the book provides a rich and multidisciplinary perspective on water and creative ways of engaging and understanding human-water relationships. It represents a valuable source and inspiration for academics, arts practitioners and those involved in environmental policy and governance.

Emissions come from different products which have finally turned into waste. Wastes are simply discarded products and the design of a product can have a significant impact on the nature of the waste produced. This text attempts to show how to manage these different types of solid waste emissions.

This translation of "Guide technique des bassins de retenue d'eaux pluviales," Paris 1994, provides information about planning, construction, maintenance and management, and costs of stormwater retention basins.

The objective of this text is to provide information on mill tailings and mine waste, and to discuss current and future issues facing the mining and environmental communities.

An environmental assessment must be performed whenever a property transaction takes place. Those who donít may find themselves responsible for the past misdeeds of others. This book contains contributions by professionals from various locations who use Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a tool applied to water management issues.
SEA helps make decisions that increase sustainability. Because of its procedural nature, it necessarily becomes tailor-made to different applications. Easily understood and geographic in scope, this book presents leading edge thinking and first hand knowledge on the applications of SEA in water management.
Perspectives on Strategic Environmental Assessment is a comprehensive guidebook for performing environmental assessments all over the world. No other source provides you with as much information on the applications of SEA as a policy assessment and management tool. This book provides a blueprint for environmental assessments that safeguards you from the oversights of others.

This workbook is a companion to Applied Math for Wastewater Plant Operators (ISBN: 9780877628095) and part of the Applied Math for Wastewater Plant Operators Set (ISBN: 9781566769891). It contains self-teaching guides for all wastewater treatment calculations, skill checks, hundreds of worked examples, and practice problems.

This workbook is a companion to Applied Math for Water Plant Operators (ISBN: 9780877628743) and part of the Applied Math for Water Plant Operators Set (ISBN: 9781566769884). It contains self-teaching guides for all water treatment calculations, skill checks, hundreds of worked examples, and practice problems.

Fate and transport models are critical components in the determination of the exposure to and risk from hazardous contaminants. Analytical models are preferable because they are generally more accessible, more reliable, and require fewer computational resources. Surprisingly, until today, only a limited number of analytical models have been accessible in the literature.
Now, there is Diffusion Models of Environmental Transport, which provides more than 40 analytical models of diffusion and advective-diffusion in one, two, and three layer systems, subject to a wide range of boundary and initial conditions. This text illustrates applications to contaminant transport in sediments and soils, including porewater and vapor transport, and also provides Mathcad spreadsheets to aid in the use of these models.
The authors supply complete details of the solutions to the models for those who wish for a deeper understanding. For others, who do not have the time or the need, the solutions themselves are ready to be picked up and used.
Reible and Choy use their 20-plus years of cumulative experience to create a thorough exploration of fate and transport models. This comprehensive text furnishes an invaluable reference for students and environmental professionals.

The evolution and utilization of estuarine and coastal regions are greatly restricted by sediment problems. This thesis aims to better understand fine sediment transport under combined action of waves and currents, especially in the wave-current bottom boundary layer (BBL). Field observations, experimental data analysis, theoretical analysis and numerical models are employed. Silt-dominated sediments are sensitive to flow dynamics and the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) increase rapidly under strong flow dynamics. This research unveils several fundamental aspects of silty sediment, i.e., the criterion of the incipient motion, the SSC profiles and their phase-averaged parameterization in wave-dominated conditions. An expression for sediment incipient motion is proposed for silt-sand sediment under combined wave and current conditions. A process based intra-wave 1DV model for flow-sediment dynamics near the bed is developed in combined wave-current conditions. The high concentration layer (HCL) was simulated and sensitivity analysis was carried out by the 1DV model on factors that impact the SSC in the HCL. Finally, based on the 1DV model, the formulations of the mean SSC profile of silt-sand sediments in wave conditions were proposed. The developed approaches are expected to be applied in engineering practice and further simulation.

It is becoming increasingly important to understand how and why semivolatile atmospheric pollutants partition between gas phase and particulate matter in the atmosphere. In this text the world's leading researchers in the field explain the significance of gas/particle ratios; physical and chemical parameters determining how semivolatiles partition in the atmosphere; how gas/particle ratio measurements are made; what artefacts occur during sampling; and novel new techniques and instruments for obtaining artefact-free results.
Intended to be a reference book and a guide for those who study the gas/particle ratios of semivolatile atmospheric compounds. This book will be of interest to beginners in the field as well as those who have been involved in the field for many years and would like, in a single reference text, a comprehensive compendium of what is known about the theory and practice of gas/particle phase measurements.

This volume provides readers with an opportunity to learn from front line water managers of watershed-based agencies across Canada about integrated water management (or integrated water resource management). In common with practice in much of the world, the responsibility for implementing integrated watershed management in Canada is fragmented. Each province and territory in Canada has developed unique approaches or governance models to guide decision making in that regard. Thus, this edited volume enables readers from around the world to gain insight on the best practices in Canada for achieving success and addressing barriers to implement IWM. Although there remains non consensus about how to "best" approach river basin management, some of the main observations include: There is a need to balance a focus on "the big picture", with scoping the scale and scope of planning activities in order that feasible and effective solutions can be implemented Three types of integration are popular among the agencies included in the book: (i) among environment, economy and society, (ii) interactions between people and the environment and (iii) integration (or coordination) of administrative activities. Much more attention is required to achieving effective engagement from Indigenous communities The chapters were originally published in a special issue of the International Journal of Water Resources Development.

Over a third of the current 7.3 billion people worldwide are burdened with poor sanitation services. The resulting social, relational and ecological exclusion make the realisation of the human right to sanitation (HRS) a critical concern development concern. However, the literature has evolved in a largely compartmentalised manner, focusing on the formal recognition of the HRS in domestic legal systems, without sufficiently addressing the drivers of poor sanitation services. This research expounds on the impact of the HRS on human wellbeing and the environment within the context of a developing country like Nigeria as a case study. The findings show that contrary to the focus in the literature, the drivers of poor sanitation services are not confined to legal factors, such as the formal recognition of the HRS within domestic legal systems. Rather, the drivers include social, economic and environmental limitations to improved sanitation services. Based on the findings, the book argues that the focus in the literature on the formal recognition of the HRS in national legal systems is insufficient for tackling the main drivers of poor sanitation services. It is therefore necessary to reformulate the HRS discourse using complementary governance instruments that advance social, relational and ecological inclusion.

Worldwide, many regions have a great potential to cover part of their pressing water needs by renewable energy powered water treatment processes using either thermal or membrane based technologies. Not only arid and semiarid regions are increasingly suffering from water shortage but also many other regions face a limitation of freshwater resources either by increasing contamination of surface water bodies or groundwater resources unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purposes either due to their high grade of mineralization or their contents of toxic components. In many areas without centralized water supply, treatment techniques using locally available renewable energy resources such as wind, solar and geothermal can provide an economical, social and environmentally sustainable option for clean water production from seawater and from highly mineralized or otherwise unsuitable ground- and surface water. This book provides an overview on possible cost-efficient techniques and application opportunities for different scales and shows why the implementation of these technologies faces numerous technological, economic and policy barriers and provides suggestions how they can be overcome. It serves as a synoptic compendium of the fundamentals of freshwater production using renewable energies, applicable to all types of water, ranging from brackish to marine water and also including industrial and communal residual water. The book is aimed at professionals, academics and decision makers worldwide, working in the areas of water resources, water supply,land planning, energy planning, greenhouse gases emission mitigation and rural development.

Day-to-day water management is challenged by meteorological extremes, causing floods and droughts. Often operational water managers are informed too late about these upcoming events to be able to respond and mitigate their effects, such as by taking flood control measures or even requiring evacuation of local inhabitants. Therefore, the use of weather forecast information with hydrological models can be invaluable for the operational water manager to expand the forecast horizon and to have time to take appropriate action. This is called Anticipatory Water Management. Anticipatory actions may have adverse effects, such as when flood control actions turn out to have been unnecessary, because the actual rainfall was less than predicted. Therefore the uncertainty of the forecasts and the associated risks of applying Anticipatory Water Management have to be assessed. To facilitate this assessment, meteorological institutes are providing ensemble predictions to estimate the dynamic uncertainty of weather forecasts. This dissertation presents ways of improving the end-use of ensemble predictions in Anticipatory Water Management.

The continued lack of access to adequate amounts of safe drinking water is one of the primary causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and a serious situation which governments, international agencies and private organizations are striving to alleviate. Barriers to providing safe drinking water for rural areas and small communities that must be overcome include the financing and stability of small systems, their operation, and appropriate, cost-effective technologies to treat and deliver water to consumers. While we know how to technically produce safe drinking water, we are not always able to achieve sustainable safe water supplies for small systems in developed and developing countries. Everyone wants to move rapidly to reach the goal of universal safe drinking water, because safe water is the most fundamental essential element for personal and social health and welfare. Without safe water and a safe environment, sustained personal economic and cultural development is impossible. Often small rural systems are the last in the opportunity line. Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems describes feasible technologies, operating procedures, management, and financing opportunities to alleviate problems faced by small water systems in both developed and developing countries. In addition to widely used traditional technologies this reference presents emerging technologies and non-traditional approaches to water treatment, management, sources of energy, and the delivery of safe water.

Water is the most basic need of mankind. Drinking water is considered the most essential use of water in life. Therefore it must be free of pathogens, toxins and carcinogens.

Absolutley pure water does not exist in nature. Surface water absorbs particles, carbon dioxide and other gases and mixes with silt and inorganic matters from the environment. When treated and untreated domestic and industrial waste is discharged into natural bodies of water the situation becomes even more complex. Thus human waste, drinking water and communicable diseases are directly related.

Water contamination is measured by the level of pollutants present in a sample. Regular analytical estimation of wastewater is the answer. This manual emphasizes the importance of water purity for drinking and domestic purposes, different types of water and their utilization in various activities, the water quality requirements and criteria of International and Governmental Agencies, and simple estimation procedures and the significance of each analytical test.

Quality Assessment of Water and Wastewater describes methods for ascertaining the quality and contamination levels of waters from a range of sources like ground, surface, potable water supplies, marine, beaches, swimming pools and other recreational facilities, and domestic and industrial wastewater. It includes important derivatives used in the preparation of standard solutions, data analysis, interpretation and units of expressions of the results. It also discusses all major pollutants - their origins and impact on the environment and health - with the basic chemistry of their analysis and complete methodology explained systematically.

The author of Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health is a public health official with the unique perspective that only insider status can provide. His book is intended for policy makers, environmentalists, toxicologists, public health officials, academic personnel, and health care providers.
The author addresses six themes: hazardous waste issues must be more vigorously examined, site remediation is critical, risk management must extend beyond waste site clean up, disease prevention must be a priority, interagency partnership is mandatory, and the best technology must be applied.
Johnson also considers the pros and cons of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) also known as the "Superfund." His years of experience with this law, and countless other issues related to hazardous waste, make Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health an important and positive contribution.