Fiscal policy has always been a primary measure of macroeconomic control. The fiscal revenue and expenditure can influence the operation of the whole economic and social activities by changing the existing GDP distribution pattern, affecting the consumption and investment of enterprises and people, etc. Within the framework of macroeconomic analysis, this book reviews the evolution of China's fiscal policy, and the main changes China's economy has experienced since 1990s. To begin with, it makes an empirical research of China's national debts, including their relationship with macroeconomic regulation and total social demand. Besides, it examines the economic effect mechanism of national debts issuance. Then it focuses on the taxation issues, elucidating the sources of tax revenue growth and the judgments on tax burden. The issue of tax reduction is also covered, especially its complexity in China. Lastly, it provides insights into China's fiscal tendency, changes of macroeconomic policies, and financial operation in the context of the "New Normal". Scholars and students in economics, finance and Chinese economic studies will be attracted by this book. Also, it will appeal to readers interested in modern Chinese economic history.

The twin benefits of improving environmental quality and reducing tax distortions through the recycling of environmental tax proceeds prove an attractive policy objective. This book analyses the use of the double dividend concepts for evaluating ecological tax reforms. The author aims to analyse unilateral environmental policy measures thoroughly and to assess under which conditions a double dividend can be achieved. The analysis is undertaken in the context of international capital mobility and cross-border externalities. He also includes a discussion of an empirically relevant example for an ecological tax reform scenario in Germany - the DIW proposal. International Environmental Externalities and the Double Dividend will be of great interest to all researchers and those working in NGOs in the areas of environmental economics, ecological tax reform issues as well as trade and the environment.

Rich people stash away trillions of dollars in tax havens like Switzerland, the Cayman Islands, or Singapore. Multinational corporations shift their profits to low-tax jurisdictions like Ireland or Panama to avoid paying tax. Recent stories in the media about Apple, Google, Starbucks, and Fiat are just the tip of the iceberg. There is hardly any multinational today that respects not just the letter but also the spirit of tax laws. All this becomes possible due to tax competition, with countries strategically designing fiscal policy to attract capital from abroad. The loopholes in national tax regimes that tax competition generates and exploits draw into question political economic life as we presently know it. They undermine the fiscal autonomy of political communities and contribute to rising inequalities in income and wealth. Building on a careful analysis of the ethical challenges raised by a world of tax competition, this book puts forward a normative and institutional framework to regulate the practice. In short, individuals and corporations should pay tax in the jurisdictions of which they are members, where this membership can come in degrees. Moreover, the strategic tax setting of states should be limited in important ways. An International Tax Organisation (ITO) should be created to enforce the principles of tax justice. The author defends this call for reform against two important objections. First, Dietsch refutes the suggestion that regulating tax competition is inefficient. Second, he argues that regulation of this sort, rather than representing a constraint on national sovereignty, in fact turns out to be a requirement of sovereignty in a global economy. The book closes with a series of reflections on the obligations that the beneficiaries of tax competition have towards the losers both prior to any institutional reform as well as in its aftermath.

This textbook examines the economic problems of military organizations from an institutional perspective. It discusses the efficiency and effectiveness of military performance, using a capability-based conceptualization. Constitutional, historical and economic considerations complement the analysis. Neither the analysis nor the conclusions depend on any specific armed force, culture, organization, or language. On the contrary, the challenge of defense economics analysis and armed forces management is reduced to a fundamental economic problem, and solutions to this problem are offered. This book is a must-read for students, scholars and practitioners interested in a better understanding of defense economics.

The goal of this edited volume is to take a hard, objective look at the many different aspects of taxing the hard-to-tax, as well as the many different approaches that have been employed around the world. In the developed and developing world, taxing certain kinds of activities, sectors, or individuals - the so-called "hard-to-tax" - is a challenge for governments. In the past, the practical side of this issue has received some attention, mainly from those working in the trenches of tax administration. There has also been some analytical work on such things as "presumptive" taxation, as well as some empirical work on measuring the hard-to-tax. However, the lessons from all of this work have been very unevenly disseminated, and there are clearly many unresolved issues. With the steady advance of such things as globalization, internet commerce, and tax shelters, the issues in taxing the hard-to-tax will become even more pressing.

Taxes are an inescapable part of life. They are perhaps the most economically consequential aspect of the relationship between individuals and their government. Understanding tax development and implementation, not to mention the political forces involved, is critical to fully appreciating and critiquing that relationship. Tax Politics and Policy offers a comprehensive survey of taxation in the United States. It explores competing theories of taxation's role in civil society; investigates the evolution and impact of taxes on income, consumption, and assets; and highlights the role of interest groups in tax policy. This is the first book to include a separate look at "sin" taxes on tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and sugar. The book concludes with a look at tax reform ideas, both old and new. This book is written for a broad audience-from upper-level undergraduates to graduate students in public policy, public administration, political science, economics, and related fields-and anyone else that has ever paid taxes.

Examining the taxation and regulation of banks, this book highlights the views of practitioners, tax experts, policy makers and academics on the appropriateness and effectiveness of bank taxation in the light of the financial crisis. It covers the topical issues of whether the EU should introduce a financial transactions, 'Tobin' or 'Robin Hood' tax and whether VAT should be extended to financial services. This comprehensive book offers an ethical perspective on bank taxation and financial stability to complement the traditional political economy approach. It also considers how a bank levy or financial activities tax, could be used to ensure that big banks make a 'true and fair' contribution to their insurance by taxpayers. Covering a range of topics on bank and financial sector taxation, this book will prove a valuable resource for academics, policy makers and financial regulators. Contributors: D. Bamford, G. Capelle-Blancard, S.M. Chaudhry, J. Dempsey, D. Gong, O. Havrylchyk, S. Hu, M. Keen, A. Kerrigan, Y. Luo, A. Mullineux, T. Sorell, S. Tanna, I. Young

This authoritative two-volume set brings together the most important classic and contemporary papers on taxation and tax policy, written by the world's leading scholars and practitioners of taxation. Volume I reviews the effects of taxation, optimal taxation and tax reform. Volume II presents the latest theoretical and empirical work on how taxes affect individual decisions across a range of areas, concluding with studies of the effects of taxes on firm investment and financial structure decisions. The volumes will interest those teaching upper-level and graduate level courses in taxation and tax policy, and individuals who want to be informed on the latest research in taxation.

Tax avoidance and evasion have an important effect on the economic development of every economy. Developing economies are particularly vulnerable to tax avoidance and evasion due to inadequacies in their institutional framework and the lack of sufficient expertise and resources to monitor the intricacies of this issue. Given the far-reaching effect of revenue losses due to tax noncompliance, many developing countries have undertaken tax reforms to improve their tax administration and implemented various anti-avoidance measures to combat tax evasion. This book provides an overview of recent tax reforms and institutional frameworks of four major developing economies, China, India, Brazil, and Mexico, with a focus on China. Most important, this book investigates the tax avoidance behaviors as well as their anti-avoidance legislation. In particular, this book includes an in-depth empirical study on tax noncompliance behaviors of foreign investors detected by the Chinese tax authorities. The empirical evidence on how tax policy and other corporate factors affect tax avoidance behavior helps public policy makers improve tax compliance through designing legislative and administrative measures. Though the findings pertain to China, the largest developing economy, the results should be a useful reference for other developing countries.

Tax practitioners are unfamiliar with tax theory. Tax economists remain unfamiliar with tax law and tax administration. Most textbooks relate mainly to the US, UK or European experiences. Students in emerging economies remain unfamiliar with their own taxation history. This textbook fills those gaps. It covers the concept of taxes in regards to their rationale, principles, design, and common errors. It addresses distortions in consumer choices and production decisions caused by tax and redressals. The main principles of taxation-efficiency, equity, stabilization, revenue productivity, administrative feasibility, international neutrality-are presented and discussed. The efficiency principle requires the minimisation of distortions in the market caused by tax. Equity in taxation is another principle that is maintained through progressivity in the tax structure. Similarly, other principles have their own ramifications that are also addressed. A country's constitutional specification of tax assignment to different levels of government-central, state, municipal-are elaborated. The UK is more centralised than the US and India. India has amended its constitution to introduce a goods and services tax (GST) covering both central and state governments. Drafting of tax law is crucial for clarity and this aspect is addressed. Furthermore, the author illustrates different types of taxes such as individual income tax, corporate income tax, wealth tax, retail sales/value added/goods and services tax, selective excises, property tax, minimum taxes such as the minimum alternate tax (MAT), cash-flow tax, financial transactions tax, fringe benefits tax, customs duties and export taxes, environment tax and global carbon tax, and user charges. An emerging concern regarding the inadequacy of international taxation of multinational corporations is covered in some detail. Structural aspects of tax administration are given particular attention.

Get clarity on UK taxation rules and policies for the year 2022. Taxation, 28th Edition,by Melville, updated with the Finance Act 2022, is the definitive, market-leading text on UK taxation, known for its comprehensive coverage of the changes introduced by the annual Budget 2021 and Spring Statement 2022. This widely popular guide features clear, well-structured content and a wealth of new and revised practical examples and exercises. It serves both as a core textbook if you are studying taxation for the first time, and a reference text that clearly explains the UK tax system and taxation regulations. The new edition brings the book completely up to date with taxation changes, including: Increases in rates of NICs and dividend tax Health and Social Care Levy Basis period reform AIA of GBP1m extended for 15 months CGT reporting deadline for residential property Employment allowance raised Reintroduction of CT marginal relief Abolition of cross-border group relief VAT zero rate on energy-saving materials This text will be of value to both undergraduate and graduate students of accounting and finance, and will be particularly useful for students preparing for the following examinations: ICAEW Certificate Level, Principles of Taxation; ACCA Applied Skills Level, Taxation; ACCA Technician Scheme, Foundations in Taxation; CIPFA PQ, Taxation; CIPFA PAQ, Tax and Law; AAT Professional Diploma, Personal Tax and Business Tax; ATT Certificates, Personal Taxation and Business Taxation; AIA Professional Level 1, Taxation; IFA Personal Taxation, Business Taxation. This edition also includes a Companion Website featuring opportunities for extra practice, chapter appendices, and a range of useful links that further explore UK taxation rules and the tax system. Pearson, the world's learning company.

This is a monograph that examines US individual federal income taxation. It is suitable for academics, graduate students, and those interested in tax policy and the historical evolution of contemporary individual federal income tax issues.

How much did the British Empire cost, and how did Britain pay for it? Taxing Colonial Africa explores a source of funds much neglected in research on the financial structure of the Empire, namely revenue raised in the colonies themselves. Requiring colonies to be financially self-sufficient was one of a range of strategies the British government used to lower the cost of imperial expansion to its own Treasury. Focusing on British colonies in Africa, Leigh Gardner examines how their efforts to balance their budgets influenced their relationships with local political stakeholders as well as the imperial government. She finds that efforts to balance the budget shaped colonial public policy at every level, and that compromises made in the face of financial constraints shaped the political and economic institutions that were established by colonial administrations and inherited by the former colonies at independence.
Using both quantitative data on public revenue and expenditure as well as archival records from archives in both the UK and the former colonies, Gardner follows the development of fiscal policies in British Africa from the beginning of colonial rule through the first years of independence. During the formative years of colonial administration, both the structure of taxation and the allocation of public spending reflected the two central goals of colonial rule: maintaining order as cheaply as possible and encouraging export production. Taxing Colonial Africa examines how the fiscal systems established before 1914 coped with the upheavals of subsequent decades, including the two World Wars, the Great Depression, and finally the transfer of power.

Discover the keys to personal financial management with the practical, reader-friendly introduction in Garman/Forgue's market-leading PERSONAL FINANCE TAX UPDATE, 13E. This step-by-step approach teaches you how to save and invest, manage student loans, file taxes, decrease credit card debt and plan a strong financial future. The latest financial information throughout this edition incorporates significant changes to the U.S. income tax system with the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" of 2018. Memorable scenarios lifted from actual situations depict a variety of financial challenges - showing you the relevance of what you're learning and the importance of advice from trusted personal finance experts. Many math-based examples clearly illustrate how to achieve long-term financial goals through investing. With the latest updates and learning tools, such as an online financial planner in MindTap digital resources, this edition prepares you for personal financial success now and throughout your lifetime.

The 36th annual edition of the leading guide to taxation in Britain. It contains full coverage of taxes, recent changes, including the Finance Act 2007 and the main implications of taxes. A bestseller with students, professionals and private individuals, to how the tax system works and how to minimize tax liabilities.

UK Taxation for Students can be used either on its own or in conjunction with other texts. It is, however, completely self-contained. This book is written in a user-friendly manner. It intersperses numerous examples throughout the text designed to illustrate particular points, and it assumes absolutely no prior knowledge about UK taxation. It covers the five main UK taxes, namely: income tax (paid by individuals); capital gains tax (paid by individuals); corporation tax (paid by companies); value added tax (levied on consumers by businesses); and inheritance tax (normally payable on the death of an individual). National Insurance Contributions are also included. Although this book is primarily aimed at students studying at undergraduate level, these are the taxes which typically form the core of the syllabuses for most of the UK's professional examinations in taxation.

China and the ASEAN region have risen rapidly to a position of immense economic significance in the global economy. Academics, policy makers and businesses are all keen to understand more about taxation in China and ASEAN, and this work seeks to address this key issue by providing a comprehensive overview of the many often mentioned but little understood challenges of doing business in the region. Traversing a wide range of regional issues and jurisdictions, topics covered include the role of DTAs in regional integration, the impact of social institutions on tax, corruption and its causes, economic development and taxation and the use of education in developing systems. Case studies are taken from countries such as China, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. Drawing on the results of these discussions, the book also sheds light on the question of whether different taxing institutions are needed in the region. Gathering together a cross-disciplinary group of eminent scholars, this work will be of great interest to all students and scholars of Asian economics, Asian finance and taxation in general.

This book, dedicated to Prof. Jacques Richard, is about the economic, political, social and even environmental consequences of setting accounting standards, with emphasis on those that are alleged to be precipitated by the adoption and implementation of IFRS. The authors offer their reasoned critiques of the effectiveness of IFRS in promoting genuine global comparability of financial reporting. The editors of this collection have invited authors from 17 countries, so that a great variety of accounting, auditing and regulatory cultures, and educational perspectives, is amply on display in their essays.

Scholarly research on taxation is increasingly preoccupied with its global implications. This volume collects the most important and influential recent research on international aspects of taxation. The book offers empirical estimates of the effects of taxation on foreign direct investment, international borrowing, and other forms of tax avoidance. It further focuses on classic studies of tax competition and the latest research on the characteristics of desirable tax policies in open economies. This authoritative collection of articles offers a comprehensive survey of international tax issues, one that is accessible to newcomers to the field but is also of considerable value to seasoned tax professionals.

The tax system is one of the instruments said to be available to translate development policy objectives into practice. The wide-ranging papers collected together in this volume, first published in 1978, explore different aspects of the link between national development objectives and the tax system. Attention is particularly focused on traditional aims such as growth, fair distribution and economic stabilisation and development. Articles written by distinguished experts in the fields of public finance and economic development clarify the concepts of taxable capacity and tax effort, and examine the connections between growth and changes within the tax system.

There are many practical textbooks explaining how taxation is applied and calculated but few ever deal thoroughly with the theory behind the practice. This book concisely addresses the principles and theories behind taxation in an accessible and internationally relevant way. It encourages readers to think through and develop an understanding of why taxation is imposed, the different means by which it is imposed and the nature of the problems inherent in this imposition. It addresses background issues, fundamental principles and emerging topics such as: the philosophy and history of taxation; types of taxation; and international issues, including double taxation treaties, residence and transfer prices. This text is essential reading for students of taxation and provides a valuable introduction for students of business, finance and accounting.

Provides readers with a single repository covering the current state of knowledge, debates and relevant literature in the field. Brings together a wide range of eminent scholars from a variety of disciplines and a number of different countries, and in so doing, provides a useful resource for scholars of charity and philanthropy taxation. Includes contributions from a wide disciplinary base, thus the topic is explored in all its dimensions.

There are many practical textbooks explaining how taxation is applied and calculated but few ever deal thoroughly with the theory behind the practice. This book concisely addresses the principles and theories behind taxation in an accessible and internationally relevant way. It encourages readers to think through and develop an understanding of why taxation is imposed, the different means by which it is imposed and the nature of the problems inherent in this imposition. It addresses background issues, fundamental principles and emerging topics such as: the philosophy and history of taxation; types of taxation; and international issues, including double taxation treaties, residence and transfer prices. This text is essential reading for students of taxation and provides a valuable introduction for students of business, finance and accounting.

The threats posed by global climate change are widely recognized and carbon emmissions are the major source of greenhouse gases accumulating in the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuels causes long-lasting, pervasive damages, costly to those of us alive today and even more to our children and our children's children. The United States is the second largest carbon emitting country in the world and should play a key role in global efforts to reduce emissions. Paying for Pollution incisively examines the very real costs-economic and social-of climate change and the challenges of concerted action to reduce future losses due to damages of higher temperatures and more extreme weather. Gilbert E. Metcalf argues that there is a convergence of social, economic, environmental, and political forces that provides an opening for a new approach to climate policy, one based on market principles that can appeal to politicians across the political spectrum. After all, markets work best when the price of a good reflects all its costs. Metcalf suggests that a thoughtfully and politically sensitive designed carbon tax could also contribute to an improved tax system, something desired by Republican and Democratic politicians alike. That is, a carbon tax increases fiscal flexibility by providing new revenues to finance reforms to the income tax that improve the fairness of the tax code and contribute to economic growth. Metcalf compares the benefits of a carbon tax to other potential policies, such as cap and trade, to reduce the threats of climate change. None, he shows, are as effective, efficient, and fair as a carbon tax.