This book provides background information for the Higher Education Act (HEA) reauthorisation process about the direct assistance for education expenses provided through the federal income tax system. Key features of the benefits are explored. Also explored is the relationship of the traditional student aid delivery system with the tax system as a conduit for post-secondary education assistance, identifying specific issues that may be important for congressional consideration during HEA reauthorisation. It also presents newly generated estimates of the value of the credits available to varied eligible recipients. In the absence of actual data, modelling approaches that simulate tax credit values offer perhaps the most promising way to examine the targeting of the education tax credits. Two different modelling approaches are applied in the analysis presented in this book.

There are four common types of excise taxes: (1) sumptuary (or "sin") taxes, (2) regulatory or environmental taxes, (3) benefit-based taxes (or user charges), and (4) luxury taxes. Sumptuary taxes were traditionally imposed for moral reasons, but are currently rationalised, in part, to discourage a specific activity that is thought to have negative spillover effects (or "externalities") on society. Regulatory or environmental taxes are imposed to offset external costs associated with regulating public safety or to discourage consumption of a specific commodity that is thought to have negative externalities on society. Benefit-based taxes (which include user charges) are imposed to charge users of a particular public good for financing and maintenance of that public good. Lastly, luxury taxes are primarily imposed as one way to raise revenue, particularly from higher-income households. This book provides an introduction and general analysis of excise taxes. First, a brief history of U.S. excise tax policy is provided. Second, the various forms of excise taxes and their respective administrative advantages and disadvantages are described. Third, the effect of federal excise taxes on federal, state, and local tax revenue is discussed. Fourth, the economic effects of various types of excise taxes are analysed. The effects on consumer behaviour and equity among taxpayers could be important issues for assessment of current excise tax policy or for the design of new excise taxes.

In today's social climate of acknowledged and growing inequality, why are there not greater efforts to tax the rich? In this wide-ranging and provocative book, Kenneth Scheve and David Stasavage ask when and why countries tax their wealthiest citizens--and their answers may surprise you. Taxing the Rich draws on unparalleled evidence from twenty countries over the last two centuries to provide the broadest and most in-depth history of progressive taxation available. Scheve and Stasavage explore the intellectual and political debates surrounding the taxation of the wealthy while also providing the most detailed examination to date of when taxes have been levied against the rich and when they haven't. Fairness in debates about taxing the rich has depended on different views of what it means to treat people as equals and whether taxing the rich advances or undermines this norm. Scheve and Stasavage argue that governments don't tax the rich just because inequality is high or rising--they do it when people believe that such taxes compensate for the state unfairly privileging the wealthy. Progressive taxation saw its heyday in the twentieth century, when compensatory arguments for taxing the rich focused on unequal sacrifice in mass warfare. Today, as technology gives rise to wars of more limited mobilization, such arguments are no longer persuasive. Taxing the Rich shows how the future of tax reform will depend on whether political and economic conditions allow for new compensatory arguments to be made.

In the latest volume of Advances in Taxation, editor John Hasseldine includes studies from expert contributors to explore topics such as earnings repatriation elections, corporates' uncertain tax positions reported on Schedule UTP, tax audits, voluntary and enforced tax compliance, and tax evasion. Reporting peer-reviewed research contributions from North America and also including international studies from Indonesia, Bangladesh and South Africa, this volume is essential reading for those looking to keep abreast of the most recent research. The empirical research published by the authors of this volume include archival, survey, and experimental methods that have been applied to challenges facing tax systems around the globe. These challenges affect tax administrators, large corporates, and small and medium-sized enterprises. The studies contained in this volume will be influential and help direct future research around the globe.

Tax Staff Essentials, Level 4 - Tax Manager/Director (41.5 CPE Credits) gives your managers and directors the tools they will need to offer existing clients additional services. It will improve and increase their proficiency levels, eliciting a higher level of customer satisfaction, with the potential to increase firm service fees. Tax Staff Essentials Level 4 contains the advanced technical level of training your firm needs to maintain and improve its core competencies. As your firms leaders expand their levels of expertise, so does your firm expand its ability to offer its professional services to new and existing clients. Key areas covered include IRS audits, international tax, advanced topics in partnership taxation and accounting for deferred taxes, and individual and small business tax planning. Whether you wish to grow your firm by developing expertise in a niche or by business referrals from highly satisfied clients, TSE Level 4 is a must-have suite of CPE courses. Note: This course has been updated for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 (Tax Reform). Included with your course, you will have free access to a specially-prepared Course Supplement that provides an explanation of the key provisions of TCJA (including topics not covered in your course). Courses Included: IRS Audits Advanced Taxation Partnerships & LLCs International Taxation Advanced Income Tax Accounting Tax Planning for Small Businesses Individual Tax Planning This comprehensive, integrated curriculum provides tax training for four different experience levels and is available in four different formats: Online, On-site, Tax Schools and Webcasts. Key Topics New individual income tax rates New corporate tax rates New pass-through income rules The qualified business income (QBI) deduction New rules for certain credits and deductions Advanced aspects of ASC 740 including accounting for business combinations and other purchase transactions and stock compensation under ASC 718 Sale of an interest in a partnership or LLC Adjustments to basis of partnership/LLC assets Advanced distribution rules Allocation of income under Section 704(b) Foreign branch and affiliates U.S. withholding taxes on foreign business Types of IRS audits RAR: Revenue Adjustment Report Accounting for audit adjustments Individual tax planning Small Business tax planning Learning Objectives Apply the complex rules of ASC 740 (SFAS No. 109 and FIN 48) to new and challenging situations Apply ASC 740 to ASC 805, Business Combinations, and ASC 810, and non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements Determine the applicable tax rate for complex situations Determine the consequences of selling a partnership or LLC interest Make elections to protect partners and LLC members from unwelcome future consequences arising from current distributions, sales, and/or transfers of interests in the partnership Learn how to calculate the basis of partnership or LLC following distributions of multiple properties Understand how to comply with U.S. tax reporting requirements for inbound and outbound transactions and operations Learn how income is sourced to a foreign jurisdiction Determine when to challenge IRS requests Understand IRS audit techniques, inquiries, and appeal rights Manage the information document request process and evaluate the contents of a revenue agent report (RAR) Learn specific ways to reduce your individual and small business clients tax bills Credit Info CPE CREDITS: Online: 41.5 (CPE credit info) NASBA FIELD OF STUDY: Taxes LEVEL: Advanced PREREQUISITES: Tax Staff with over 5 years of experience ADVANCE PREPARATION: None DELIVERY METHOD: QAS Self-Study COURSE ACRONYM: TSE.Level 4 Online Access Instructions A personal pin code is enclosed in the physical packaging that may be activated online upon receipt. Once activated, you will gain immediate online access to the product. System Requirements AICPA's online CPE courses will operate in a variety of configurations, but only the configuration described below is supported by AICPA technicians. A stable and continuous internet connection is required. In order to record your completion of the online learning courses, please ensure you are connected to the internet at all times while taking the course. It is your responsibility to validate that CPE certificate(s) are available within your account after successfully completing the course and/or exam. Supported Operating Systems: Macintosh OS X 10.10 to present Windows 7 to present Supported Browsers: Apple Safari Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox Required Browser Plug-ins: Adobe Flash Adobe Acrobat Reader Technical Support: Please contact [email protected].

The only single-source guide to understanding, using, adapting, and designing state-of-the-art agent-based modelling of tax evasion A computational method for simulating the behavior of individuals or groups and their effects on an entire system, agent-based modeling has proven itself to be a powerful new tool for detecting tax fraud. While interdisciplinary groups and individuals working in the tax domain have published numerous articles in diverse peer-reviewed journals and have presented their findings at international conferences, until Agent-based Modelling of Tax Evasion there was no authoritative, single-source guide to state-of-the-art agent-based tax evasion modeling techniques and technologies. Featuring contributions from distinguished experts in the field from around the globe, Agent-Based Modelling of Tax Evasion provides in-depth coverage of an array of field tested agent-based tax evasion models. Models are presented in a unified format so as to enable readers to systematically work their way through the various modeling alternatives available to them. Three main components of each agent-based model are explored in accordance with the Overview, Design Concepts, and Details (ODD) protocol, each section of which contains several sub elements that help to illustrate the model clearly and that assist readers in replicating the modeling results described. * Presents models in a unified and structured manner to provide a point of reference for readers interested in agent-based modelling of tax evasion * Explores the theoretical aspects and diversity of agent-based modeling through the example of tax evasion * Provides an overview of the characteristics of more than thirty agent-based tax evasion frameworks * Functions as a solid foundation for lectures and seminars on agent-based modelling of tax evasion The only comprehensive treatment of agent-based tax evasion models and their applications, this book is an indispensable working resource for practitioners and tax evasion modelers both in the agent-based computational domain and using other methodologies. It is also an excellent pedagogical resource for teaching tax evasion modeling and/or agent-based modeling generally.

The twin benefits of improving environmental quality and reducing tax distortions through the recycling of environmental tax proceeds prove an attractive policy objective. This book analyses the use of the double dividend concepts for evaluating ecological tax reforms. The author aims to analyse unilateral environmental policy measures thoroughly and to assess under which conditions a double dividend can be achieved. The analysis is undertaken in the context of international capital mobility and cross-border externalities. He also includes a discussion of an empirically relevant example for an ecological tax reform scenario in Germany - the DIW proposal. International Environmental Externalities and the Double Dividend will be of great interest to all researchers and those working in NGOs in the areas of environmental economics, ecological tax reform issues as well as trade and the environment.

From the Cayman Islands and the Isle of Man to the Principality of Liechtenstein and the state of Delaware, tax havens offer lower tax rates, less stringent regulations and enforcement, and promises of strict secrecy to individuals and corporations alike. In recent years government regulators, hoping to remedy economic crisis by diverting capital from hidden channels back into taxable view, have undertaken sustained and serious efforts to force tax havens into compliance.

In Tax Havens, Ronen Palan, Richard Murphy, and Christian Chavagneux provide an up-to-date evaluation of the role and function of tax havens in the global financial system their history, inner workings, impact, extent, and enforcement. They make clear that while, individually, tax havens may appear insignificant, together they have a major impact on the global economy. Holding up to $13 trillion of personal wealth the equivalent of the annual U.S. Gross National Product and serving as the legal home of two million corporate entities and half of all international lending banks, tax havens also skew the distribution of globalization's costs and benefits to the detriment of developing economies.

The first comprehensive account of these entities, this book challenges much of the conventional wisdom about tax havens. The authors reveal that, rather than operating at the margins of the world economy, tax havens are integral to it. More than simple conduits for tax avoidance and evasion, tax havens actually belong to the broad world of finance, to the business of managing the monetary resources of individuals, organizations, and countries. They have become among the most powerful instruments of globalization, one of the principal causes of global financial instability, and one of the large political issues of our times."

This collection of 20 essays examines the merits of land-value taxation and distinguishes it from the conventional property tax because it has a more benign economic influence. It includes four essays by William S. Vickrey, the 1996 Nobel laureate in economics.

Tax Staff Essentials, Level 1 - New Staff (58.5 CPE Credits) is designed to help beginning staff members develop a strong set of core skills. It focuses on individual and S corporation tax compliance plus professional business communications and more. This series covers key areas to ensure your young tax force is well prepared to begin their careers. They'll learn about: Individual, partnership and S corporation tax compliance Effective online tax research techniques Clear and precise workpaper documentation Effective professional business communications Your future tax professionals will also receive a broad range of practical tax instruction, including key issues surrounding: Individual taxation New cost and repair regulations S corporation distributions Items affecting shareholder basis Passive activity loss rules, and more Courses Include: Tax Research I Individual Tax Fundamentals Capitalized Costs & Depreciation Working Paper Documentation S Corporation Fundamentals Effective Business Communication Tax Fundamentals of LLCs & Partnerships Note: These courses have been updated for the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) (Tax Reform). You'll have free access to a Course Supplement that provides an explanation of the key provisions of the TCJA (including topics not covered in your course). Tax Staff Essentials is a comprehensive, integrated curriculum that provides tax training for four different experience levels and is available in four different formats: Online, On-site, Tax Schools and Webcasts. Who Will Benefit? Junior accounting and tax professionals Key Topics New individual income and corporate tax rates New pass-through income rules New rules for certain credits, deductions and qualified business income (QBI) deduction Filing requirements and personal exemptions Gross income inclusions, exclusions, and adjustments Sole proprietorships, hobby loss rules and passive activities Home offices, rental properties and vacation homes Net Investment Income Tax and Medicare Payroll Tax S corporations Capital improvements and repair Depreciation methods and IRS tables Intangible asset amortization Online tax research methodology and authoritative tax hierarchy The power of professional language in business writing Tax return support documentation Learning Objectives Analyze and report business income and expenses of a sole proprietorship or a single member LLC on Schedule C to the Form 1040 Interpret and report rental activities on Schedule E to the Form 1040 Identify the specific passive activity rules Determine if a change of filing status will improve the taxpayers' filing position based on itemized deductions Determine when an S corporation may be advantageous for a business, how to make a proper election, and the income/loss that passes through to the shareholder Recognize active and passive income and determine material participation as it relates to an individual S corporation shareholder Understand the impact of converting a C corporation into an S corporation Distinguish between deductible repairs and capitalized improvements under new tax regulations Calculate the initial tax basis and adjusted tax basis of business property Determine the tax basis of self-constructed assets Credit Info CPE CREDITS: Online: 58.5 (CPE credit info) NASBA FIELD OF STUDY: Taxes LEVEL: Basic PREREQUISITES: Tax Staff with 0-2 years of experience ADVANCE PREPARATION: None DELIVERY METHOD: QAS Self-Study COURSE ACRONYM: TSE.Level 1 Online Access Instructions A personal pin code is enclosed in the physical packaging that may be activated online upon receipt. Once activated, you will gain immediate online access to the product. System Requirements AICPA's online CPE courses will operate in a variety of configurations, but only the configuration described below is supported by AICPA technicians. A stable and continuous internet connection is required. In order to record your completion of the online learning courses, please ensure you are connected to the internet at all times while taking the course. It is your responsibility to validate that CPE certificate(s) are available within your account after successfully completing the course and/or exam. Supported Operating Systems: Macintosh OS X 10.10 to present Windows 7 to present Supported Browsers: Apple Safari Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox Required Browser Plug-ins: Adobe Flash Adobe Acrobat Reader Technical Support: Please contact [email protected].

This text examines how firms change their investment decisions in response to tax policy and concludes that firms would substantially increase their investment in plant and equipment if some of the proposals for fundamental tax reform are enacted.

This book is concerned with some of the conceptual and practical problems of measuring the changes in welfare of individuals and the excess burdens arising from taxation. It provides an introductory review of alternative concepts and practical approaches to the measurement of welfare as well as providing a number of practical examples of welfare analyses in a variety of contexts. The excess burden of a tax is a central concept in economics. John Creedy provides an introduction to various concepts of welfare change, paying particular attention to the measurement issues involved. He then applies the methods outlined to the measurement of marginal tax reform and indirect tax reform, with empirical data taken from Australia. He also examines the redistributive effect of price changes in Australia between 1980 and 1995, and the effects of inflation in New Zealand over the period 1993-1995. Finally, he calculates the welfare costs of monopoly and measures the burdens of carbon taxation and welfare. Measuring Welfare Changes and Tax Burdens will be of interest to students and academics working in the areas of public finance and public policy, as well as economists working in government.

This work examines the efficiency, fairness, and administrative consequences of leading proposals for income tax reforms in the USA.

Issues related to central banks feature regularly in economic news coverage, and in times of economic or financial crisis, especially when a commercial bank is bailed out, they become the focus of the policy debate. But what role do central banks play in a modern economy? How do central banks wield influence over the financial system and the broad economy? Through which channels does monetary policy impact macroeconomic fundamentals such as inflation or unemployment? For example, how does a central bank alter the money supply? What are the benefits of central bank independence, and what are the up- and downsides of having a common currency? This book provides easily accessible answers to these and other questions associated with central banking.

Major economic and environmental crises stem from imperfections in the land market, yet the theory which explains the allocation and value of natural resources is relegated to the periphery of social science and ignored by policy-makers. This is the thesis advanced by the authors who argue that problems ranging from the deforestation of the Amason basin to urban decay can be traced to a common factor: the failure to put a proper value on the resources of nature. Western governments have in recent years freed the labour and capital markets of restrictive practices and exchange controls, but restrictions on the land market have escaped attention so that policy decisions continue to be made in ignorance of social, economic and ecological consequences of shifts in the supply and price of land. This book explains how the malfunctioning of the land market affects economic performance, the distribution of income and the use of abuse of natural resources. It retrieves a classical theory of economics from limbo and explains how the market mechanism, if made to work properly, collaborates sympathetically with strategies aimed at enhancing the environment and conserving finite resources. To demonstrate the practicality of their argument, the authors have valued the land and natural resources of Britain - the first authoritative assessment since William the Conqueror's Domesday Book. They claim that, given a similar valuation, any country could develop a sustainable framework for the complex interactions of social, economic and ecological variables. They compare the unreliability of statistics in the United States with the comprehensive valuation available in Denmark.

Gain a thorough understanding of today's tax concepts and current tax law with SOUTH-WESTERN FEDERAL TAXATION 2021: COMPREHENSIVE, 44E and accompanying professional tax software. This reader-friendly presentation emphasizes the latest tax law and recent changes impacting individuals, corporations, partnerships, estates and trusts and financial statements. You examine tax law changes as recent as 2020 with complete coverage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and related guidance from the Treasury Department. Clear examples, summaries and tax scenarios clarify concepts and sharpen your critical-thinking, writing and research skills. Each new book includes instant access to Intuit (R) ProConnect tax software, Checkpoint (R) (Student Edition) from Thomson Reuters, CengageNOWv2 online homework solution and MindTap Reader. Discover how an understanding of today's taxes can benefit you as you prepare for the C.P.A. or the Enrolled Agent exam or pursue a career in tax accounting, financial reporting or auditing.

This book examines the most recent developments, analysis and research concerning taxation in the United States. Topics discussed in this compilation include a review of Constitutional authorities under which Congress regulates state taxation; a brief overview of the Internet Tax Freedom Act; legal issues of taxation of internet sales and access; current laws related to the repatriation of foreign earnings; energy tax initiatives; energy tax policies; and differences in definitions and rules in the tax code.

Education tax credits were introduced as a new subsidy for higher education in 1997 and have cost, on average, $4.6 billion a year in lost tax revenue since their enactment. The introduction of the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit marked a dramatic increase in education spending through tax expenditures. Prior to 1997, tax incentives for higher education expenses totalled less than $2 billion in estimated lost revenue. The education tax credit program expanded the number of federal agencies involved in education policy making and increased the complexity and cost of administering the income tax system. This book provides analysis of the education tax credit program in the context of issues facing Congress in regard to higher education. This report begins with a review of the economic rationale for subsidising education, then describes federal subsidies for education in general and the education tax credits in particular. An analysis of the education credits follows and the report concludes with a discussion of education tax credit policy options. The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 established two permanent federal income tax credits, effective since tax year 1998, for qualified post secondary education expenses -- the Hope Scholarship credit and the Lifetime Learning credit. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 created a temporary higher education tax deduction beginning in 2002. The Hope credit was introduced to help ensure that students have access to the first two years of undergraduate education. The Lifetime Learning credit and tuition and fees deduction provide support for students in any year of undergraduate and graduate study; they are unique in that they are available to individuals taking occasional courses. Only one of the three tax benefits may be taken in the same tax year for the same eligible student's qualified expenses. Key features of the credits and deduction dictate who the provisions benefit and the value of assistance they confer. Among these are the non-refundable nature of the credits (i.e., persons must have income tax liabilities and the liabilities must exceed the maximum amount of the credits in order to claim their full value), the deduction's availability whether or not taxpayers take itemised deductions, and the statutory limits on benefit amounts and on taxpayers' income. Accordingly, middle-and upper middle-income individuals are the targeted beneficiaries of these tax incentives. All three benefits apply to the tuition and fees required for enrolment that are not offset by grant aid (e.g. qualified scholarships) and other tax benefits (e.g. Coverdell Education Savings Accounts and Section 529 Plans). The Hope credit has had a maximum value of $1,500 per student since its inception; the Lifetime Learning credit, $2,000 per return since 2003.

This volume presents six new studies on current topics in taxation and government spending. The first study looks at the costs of income tax filing, which have risen over time because of the numerous tax forms families have to fill out when filing their taxes and because of increased costs of itemizing deductions, and explores ways to simplify filing and reduce those costs. The second study investigates the design of income tax schedules when there is uncertainty about the way taxation affects household behavior. The third study provides new and comprehensive estimates of the impact of the US Earned Income Tax Credit on the employment of low-income men and women, finding that the large majority of the various expansions of that credit over the last forty years have increased employment of single mothers. The fourth study reviews the structure of business taxation in China and describes a number of tax distortions and potential inefficiencies in the system. The next paper considers how the Affordable Care Act has affected the health insurance and labor market choices of individuals who are between the ages of 60 and 64, and it finds increases in insurance coverage and reductions in employment for some groups. The last study considers how reimbursement rates for health care providers under various government insurance programs affect providers' willingness to take on new patients and expand their patient capacity.