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Books > Philosophy > Topics in philosophy
In his philosophical reflections on the art of lingering, acclaimed
cultural theorist Byung-Chul Han argues that the value we attach
today to the vita activa is producing a crisis in our sense of
time. Our attachment to the vita activa creates an imperative to
work which degrades the human being into a labouring animal, an
animal laborans. At the same time, the hyperactivity which
characterizes our daily routines robs human beings of the capacity
to linger and the faculty of contemplation. It therefore becomes
impossible to experience time as fulfilling. Drawing on a range of
thinkers including Heidegger, Nietzsche and Arendt, Han argues that
we can overcome this temporal crisis only by revitalizing the vita
contemplativa and relearning the art of lingering. For what
distinguishes humans from other animals is the capacity for
reflection and contemplation, and when life regains this capacity,
this art of lingering, it gains in time and space, in duration and
vastness. With his hallmark ability to bring the resources of
philosophy and cultural theory to bear on the conditions of modern
life, Byung-Chul Han's meditation on time will interest a wide
readership in cultural theory, philosophy and beyond.
How did our universe come to be? Does God exist? Does time flow?
What are we? Do we have free will? What is truth? Metaphysics is
concerned with the nature of ourselves and the world around us.
This clear and accessible introduction covers the central topics in
metaphysics in a concise but comprehensive way. Brian Garrett
discusses the crucial concepts and arguments of metaphysics in a
highly readable manner. He addresses the following key areas of
metaphysics: * God * Existence * Modality * Universals and
particulars * Facts * Causation * Time * Puzzles of material
constitution * Free will & determinism * Fatalism * Personal
identity * Truth This third edition has been thoroughly revised.
Most chapters include new and updated material, and there are now
two chapters devoted to attacks on free will and fatalism. What is
this thing called Metaphysics? contains many helpful
student-friendly features, such as a glossary of important terms,
study questions, annotated further reading, and a guide to web
resources. Text boxes provide bite-sized summaries of key concepts
and major philosophers, and clear and interesting examples are used
throughout.
Asserting that 'Lenin was closer to Max's Weber's "Politics as
Vocation'" than to the German working-class struggle', Italian
philosopher and radical theorist of 1960s 'operaismo', Mario Tronti
has engaged in a lifelong project of thinking 'the autonomy of the
political'. These essays mark the conjunction of the
English-language edition of Tronti's 1966 "Workers and Capital"
with the centenary of Weber's famous 1919 lecture.
In the four volumes of The Development Trajectory of Eastern
societies and the Theories and Practices of Socialism, the author
re-examines Marx and Engels' theories on the development trajectory
of Eastern societies by integrating theoretical analysis of Marxist
theories and an historical investigation of socialist revolution
and socialist construction around the world. The collection
challenges some predominant interpretations of Marx and Engels'
historical materialism by focusing on that materialism, explaining
the general laws of historical development and its particular
trajectory in Eastern societies; discussing the attempts of the
Russian Commune to avoid the torments of the capitalist system and
tracing the victories and failures of the 100-year trajectory of
socialism. The significance of Marx and Engels' socialist theories
for contemporary social development in the Eastern societies is
henceforth laid bare. The book will be a key reference for readers
studying Marxism, Marxist philosophy and the history of philosophy.
First published in 1962, Bodily Sensations argues that bodily
sensations are nothing but impressions that physical happenings are
taking place in the body, impressions that may correspond or fail
to correspond to physical reality. In the case of such sensations
as pains, these impressions are accompanied by certain attitudes to
the impressions. He argues, that is to say that bodily sensations
are a sub-species of sense-impression, standing to perception of
our own bodily state (or in some cases to touch) as visual
impressions stand to the sense of sight. He examines, and tries to
refute, all plausible alternative accounts of the nature of bodily
sensations. He prefaces his argument by an account of tactual and
bodily perception. Here he argues that, with the exception of heat
and cold, the qualities discerned by these senses are all reducible
to spatial and temporal properties of material objects. Combined
with his own conclusions on bodily sensations, this allows him to
draw up a short and exhaustive list of the so-called "secondary"
qualities of physical objects. This book will be of interest to
students of philosophy.
First published in 1927, The Nature of Deity forms a sequel to
Personality and Reality. The premise of this book is the conclusion
of the prequel: that there exists a Supreme Self or Deity. In
pursuing this argument, the author uses logic and broad facts that
prove the existence of a Supreme Self. This book will be of
interest to students of philosophy, religion, literature and
science.
As political discourse had been saturated with the ideas of
"post-truth", "fake news", "epistemic bubbles", and "truth decay",
it was no surprise that in 2017 The New Scientist declared:
"Philosophers of knowledge, your time has come." Political
epistemology has old roots, but is now one of the most rapidly
growing and important areas of philosophy. The Routledge Handbook
of Political Epistemology is an outstanding reference source to
this exciting field, and the first collection of its kind.
Comprising 41 chapters by an international team of contributors, it
is divided into seven parts: Politics and truth: historical and
contemporary perspectives Political disagreement and polarization
Fake news, propaganda, and misinformation Ignorance and
irrationality in politics Epistemic virtues and vices in politics
Democracy and epistemology Trust, expertise, and doubt. Within
these sections crucial issues and debates are examined, including:
post-truth, disagreement and relativism, epistemic networks, fake
news, echo chambers, propaganda, ignorance, irrationality,
political polarization, virtues and vices in public debate,
epistocracy, expertise, misinformation, trust, and digital
democracy, as well as the views of Plato, Aristotle, Mozi, medieval
Islamic philosophers, Mill, Arendt, and Rawls on truth and
politics. The Routledge Handbook of Political Epistemology is
essential reading for those studying political philosophy, applied
and social epistemology, and politics. It is also a valuable
resource for those in related disciplines such as international
relations, law, political psychology, political science,
communication studies, and journalism.
'Electrifying ... A user manual for our polarized world' Adam
Grant, #1 New York Times-bestselling author of Think Again By a
two-time debating world champion, a dazzling look at how arguing
better can transform your life - and the world - for the better
Everyone debates, in some form, most days. Sometimes we do it to
persuade; other times to learn, discover a truth, or simply to
express something about ourselves. We argue to defend ourselves,
our work, and our loved ones from external threat. We do it to get
our way, or just to get ahead. As a two-time debating world
champion, Bo has made a career out of arguing. Over the past few
years, however, he's noticed how we're not only arguing more and
more, but getting worse at it - a fact proven by our polarised
politics. By tracing his own journey from immigrant kid to world
champion, as well as those of illustrious participants in the sport
such as Malcolm X, Edmund Burke and Sally Rooney, Seo shows how the
skills of debating - information gathering, truth finding,
lucidity, organization, and persuasion - are often the cornerstone
of successful careers and happy lives. Along the way, he provides
the reader with an unforgettable toolkit to use debate as a means
to improve their own. This book is an everyperson's guide to
disagreeing well, so that the outcome of having had an argument is
better than not having it at all. Taking readers on a thrilling
intellectual adventure into the eccentric and brilliant subculture
of competitive debate, The Art of Disagreeing Well proves that
good-faith debate can enrich and improve our lives, friendships,
democracies and in the process, our world.
An energetic new translation of an ancient Roman masterpiece about
a failed coup led by a corrupt and charismatic politician In 63 BC,
frustrated by his failure to be elected leader of the Roman
Republic, the aristocrat Catiline tried to topple its elected
government. Backed by corrupt elites and poor, alienated Romans, he
fled Rome while his associates plotted to burn the city and murder
its leading politicians. The attempted coup culminated with the
unmasking of the conspirators in the Senate, a stormy debate that
led to their execution, and the defeat of Catiline and his legions
in battle. In How to Stop a Conspiracy, Josiah Osgood presents a
brisk, modern new translation of the definitive account of these
events, Sallust's The War with Catiline-a brief, powerful book that
has influenced how generations of readers, including America's
founders, have thought about coups and political conspiracies. In a
taut, jaw-dropping narrative, Sallust pleasurably combines juicy
details about Catiline and his louche associates with highly
quotable moral judgments and a wrenching description of the
widespread social misery they exploited. Along the way, we get
unforgettable portraits of the bitter and haunted Catiline, who was
sympathetic to the plight of Romans yet willing to destroy Rome;
his archenemy Cicero, who thwarts the conspiracy; and Julius
Caesar, who defends the conspirators and is accused of being one of
them. Complete with an introduction that discusses how The War with
Catiline has shaped and continues to shape our understanding of how
republics live and die, and featuring the original Latin on facing
pages, this volume makes Sallust's gripping history more accessible
than ever before.
A field-defining masterwork, this posthumous publication maps the
evolution of the idea of the state from ancient Greece to today
Istvan Meszaros was one of the greatest political theorists of the
twentieth century. Left unfinished at the time of his death, Beyond
Leviathan is written on the magisterial scale of his previous book,
Beyond Capital, and meant to complement that work. It focuses on
the transcendence of the state, along with the transcendence of
capital and alienated labor, while traversing the history of
political theory from Plato to the present. Aristotle, More,
Machiavelli, and Vico are only a few of the thinkers discussed in
depth. The larger objective of this work is no less than to develop
a full-edged critique of the state, in the Marxian tradition, and
set against the critique of capital. Not only does it provide, for
the first time, an all-embracing Marxian theory of the state, it
gives new political meaning to the notion of "the withering away of
the state." In his definitive, seminal work, Meszaros seeks to
illuminate the political preconditions for a society of substantive
equality and substantive democracy.
The canonical image of John Locke as one of the first philosophes
is so deeply engrained that we could forget that he belonged to a
very different historico-political context. His influence on
Enlightenment thought, not least that of his theories of political
liberty, has been the subject of widespread debate. In Locke's
political liberty: readings and misreadings a team of renowned
international scholars re-evaluates Locke's heritage in the
eighteenth century and the ways it was used. Moving beyond
reductive conceptions of Locke as either central or peripheral to
the development of Enlightenment thought, historians and
philosophers explore how his writings are invoked, exploited or
distorted in eighteenth-century reflections on liberty. Analyses of
his reception in England and France bring out underlying conceptual
differences between the two nations, and extend an ongoing debate
about the difficulty of characterising national political
epistemologies. The traditional Anglocentric view of Locke and his
influence is demystified, and what emerges is a new, more diverse
vision of the reception of his political thinking throughout
Europe. Of interest to political philosophers and historians,
Locke's political liberty: readings and misreadings reveals how the
issues identified by Locke recur in our own debates about
difference, identity and property - his work is as resonant today
as it has ever been.
What the Roman poet Horace can teach us about how to live a life of
contentment What are the secrets to a contented life? One of Rome's
greatest and most influential poets, Horace (65-8 BCE) has been
cherished by readers for more than two thousand years not only for
his wit, style, and reflections on Roman society, but also for his
wisdom about how to live a good life-above all else, a life of
contentment in a world of materialistic excess and personal
pressures. In How to Be Content, Stephen Harrison, a leading
authority on the poet, provides fresh, contemporary translations of
poems from across Horace's works that continue to offer important
lessons about the good life, friendship, love, and death. Living
during the reign of Rome's first emperor, Horace drew on Greek and
Roman philosophy, especially Stoicism and Epicureanism, to write
poems that reflect on how to live a thoughtful and moderate life
amid mindless overconsumption, how to achieve and maintain true
love and friendship, and how to face disaster and death with
patience and courage. From memorable counsel on the pointlessness
of worrying about the future to valuable advice about living in the
moment, these poems, by the man who famously advised us to carpe
diem, or "harvest the day," continue to provide brilliant
meditations on perennial human problems. Featuring translations of,
and commentary on, complete poems from Horace's Odes, Satires,
Epistles, and Epodes, accompanied by the original Latin, How to Be
Content is both an ideal introduction to Horace and a compelling
book of timeless wisdom.
Physician assisted suicide occurs when a terminally ill patient
takes the decision to end their life with the help of their doctor.
In this book the authors argue clearly and forcefully for the
legalization of physician assisted suicide.
"Why is it so difficult to develop and sustain liberal democracy?
The best recent work on this subject comes from a remarkable pair
of scholars, Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson. In their latest
book, The Narrow Corridor, they have answered this question with
great insight." -Fareed Zakaria, The Washington Post From the
authors of the international bestseller Why Nations Fail, a crucial
new big-picture framework that answers the question of how liberty
flourishes in some states but falls to authoritarianism or anarchy
in others--and explains how it can continue to thrive despite new
threats. In Why Nations Fail, Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson
argued that countries rise and fall based not on culture,
geography, or chance, but on the power of their institutions. In
their new book, they build a new theory about liberty and how to
achieve it, drawing a wealth of evidence from both current affairs
and disparate threads of world history. Liberty is hardly the
"natural" order of things. In most places and at most times, the
strong have dominated the weak and human freedom has been quashed
by force or by customs and norms. Either states have been too weak
to protect individuals from these threats, or states have been too
strong for people to protect themselves from despotism. Liberty
emerges only when a delicate and precarious balance is struck
between state and society. There is a Western myth that political
liberty is a durable construct, arrived at by a process of
"enlightenment." This static view is a fantasy, the authors argue.
In reality, the corridor to liberty is narrow and stays open only
via a fundamental and incessant struggle between state and society:
The authors look to the American Civil Rights Movement, Europe's
early and recent history, the Zapotec civilization circa 500 BCE,
and Lagos's efforts to uproot corruption and institute government
accountability to illustrate what it takes to get and stay in the
corridor. But they also examine Chinese imperial history,
colonialism in the Pacific, India's caste system, Saudi Arabia's
suffocating cage of norms, and the "Paper Leviathan" of many Latin
American and African nations to show how countries can drift away
from it, and explain the feedback loops that make liberty harder to
achieve. Today we are in the midst of a time of wrenching
destabilization. We need liberty more than ever, and yet the
corridor to liberty is becoming narrower and more treacherous. The
danger on the horizon is not "just" the loss of our political
freedom, however grim that is in itself; it is also the
disintegration of the prosperity and safety that critically depend
on liberty. The opposite of the corridor of liberty is the road to
ruin.
Mary Warnock's Critical Reflections on Ownership is a sustained
meditation on the significance that ownership has for us from one
of our finest philosophical voices. First exploring the
responsibility and love we have for things that are owned, she goes
on to provide a penetrating investigation of the relationship we
have to those things which we do not, indeed cannot, own, in
particular the natural world. Critical Reflections on Ownership is
required reading for anyone who wants to think deeply, and clearly,
about the prospect of a global environmental cataclysm and what we
might do to address it.' - J.E. Penner, author of The Idea of
Property in LawIn this thought-provoking work, Mary Warnock
explores what it is to own things, and the differences in our
attitude to what we own and what we do not. Starting from the
philosophical standpoints of Locke and Hume, the ownership of
gardens is presented as a prime example, exploring both private and
common ownership, historically and autobiographically. The author
concludes that, besides pleasure and pride, ownership brings a
sense of responsibility for what is owned and a fundamental
question is brought to light: can we feel the same responsibility
for what we do not, and never can, own? Applying this question to
the natural world and the planet as a whole, a realistic and
gradualist perspective is offered on confronting global
environmental degradation. Critical Reflections on Ownership
examines the effect of the Romantic Movement on our attitudes to
nature and is a salient commentary on the history of ideas.
Providing an accessible entrance into moral philosophy and its
practical applications, this book is an invaluable source for
students in the fields of politics and philosophy. Academics
interested in conceptions of ownership, and in the interface
between philosophy, morality and politics, will find this deeply
considered insight to be a stimulating read.
An introductory textbook, Logic for Justice covers, in full detail,
the language and semantics of both propositional logic and
first-order logic. It motivates the study of those logical systems
by drawing on social and political issues. Basically, Logic for
Justice frames propositional logic and first-order logic as two
theories of the distinction between good arguments and bad
arguments. And the book explains why, for the purposes of social
justice and political reform, we need theories of that distinction.
In addition, Logic for Justice is extremely lucid, thorough, and
clear. It explains, and motivates, many different features of the
formalism of propositional logic and first-order logic, always
connecting those features back to real-world issues. Key Features
Connects the study of logic to real-world social and political
issues, drawing in students who might not otherwise be attracted to
the subject. Offers extremely clear and thorough presentations of
technical material, allowing students to learn directly from the
book without having to rely on instructor explanations. Carefully
explains the value of arguing well throughout one’s life, with
several discussions about how to argue and how arguments – when
done with care – can be helpful personally. Includes examples
that appear throughout the entire book, allowing students to see
how the ideas presented in the book build on each other. Provides a
large and diverse set of problems for each chapter. Teaches logic
by connecting formal languages to natural languages with which
students are already familiar, making it much easier for students
to learn how logic works.
This is a collection of essays, reflections and poems by Nora
Bateson, the noted research designer, film-maker, writer and
lecturer. She is the daughter of Gregory Bateson and president of
the International Bateson Institute (IBI). Building on Gregory
Bateson's famous book Towards an Ecology of Mind and her own film
on the subject, Nora Bateson here updates our thinking on systems
and ecosystems, applying her own insights and those of her team at
IBI to education, organisations, complexity, academia, and the way
that society organizes itself. She also introduces the term
symmathesy to describe the contextual mutual learning through
interaction that takes place in living entities at larger or
smaller scales. While she retains her father's rigorous attention
to definition, observation and academic precision, she also moves
well beyond that frame of reference to incorporate more embodied
ways of knowing and understanding. These are reflected in her
essays and poems on food, Christmas, love, honesty,
environmentalism and leadership. [Subject: Systems thinking,
education, social anthropology, environmentalism, Bateson,
symmathesy]
Politicians, financiers and bureaucrats claim to believe in free
competitive markets, yet they have built the most unfree market
system ever created. In this Gilded Age, income is funnelled to the
owners of property - financial, physical and intellectual - at the
expense of society. Wages stagnate as labour markets are
transformed by outsourcing, automation and the on-demand economy,
generating more rental income while broadening the precariat. Now
fully updated with an introduction examining the systemic issues
exposed by Brexit and Covid-19, The Corruption of Capitalism argues
that rentier capitalism is fostering revolt and presents a new
income distribution system that would achieve the extinction of the
rentier while encouraging sustainable growth.
A vivid first-person study of a notorious equine ritual-from the
perspective of the wild horses who are its targets Wild horses
still roam the mountains of Galicia, Spain. But each year, in a
ritual dating to the 1500s called rapa das bestas, villagers herd
these "beasts" together and shave their manes and tails. Shaving
the Beasts is a firsthand account of how the horses experience this
traumatic rite, producing a profound revelation about the
durability of sociality in the face of violent domination. John
Hartigan Jr. constructs an engrossing, day-by-day narrative
chronicling the complex, nuanced social lives of wild horses and
the impact of their traumatic ritual shearing every summer. His
story generates intimate, individual portraits of these creatures
while analyzing the social practices-like grazing and grooming-that
are the building blocks of equine society. Shaving the Beasts
culminates in a searing portrayal of the inspiring resilience these
creatures display as they endure and recover from rapa das bestas.
Turning away from "thick" description to "thin," Hartigan moves
toward a more observational form of study, focusing on behaviors
over interpretations. This vivid approach provides new and
important contributions to the study of animal behavior.
Ultimately, he comes away with profound, penetrating insights into
multispecies interactions and a strong alternative to humancentric
ethnographic practices.
Deux cent cinquante ans apres la mort de Montesquieu, de nouvelles
questions se posent. Ce volume presente en trois volets les
dernieres recherches sur Montesquieu, suscitees par la nouvelle
edition des OEuvres completes (Oxford, Voltaire Foundation). Avec
les Lettres persanes apparait la necessite d'analyser les modes de
lecture induits par les dispositifs editoriaux (paratexte, nouvelle
edition 'augmentee et diminuee' en 1721, table des matieres ou des
sommaires, usages typographiques du dix-huitieme ou du dix-neuvieme
siecle) voire par la censure romaine. On voit ainsi combien hier et
aujourd'hui la lecture est tributaire de facteurs jusque-la
meconnus: les Lettres persanes sont decidement un texte
redoutable... L'Esprit des lois est scrute d'abord dans son
ecriture meme, grace a la mise en relation du manuscrit conserve a
la Bibliotheque nationale de France et d'un enorme corpus de
manuscrits et d'archives desormais disponible, mais disperse dans
toute l'Europe (oeuvres inachevees, correspondance, actes notaries,
etc.): les strates de composition et de redaction sont reperables
et datables de maniere tres precise grace a l'identification des
'mains' des secretaires de Montesquieu, ce qui permet de
reconstituer une methode de travail et une chronologie de
composition sensiblement differentes de celles qui etaient admises
depuis les travaux fondateurs de Robert Shackleton. Cela conduit a
evoquer differents aspects complementaires de l'activite de
Montesquieu, qui necessitaient une mise au point (sur la pretendue
cecite de Montesquieu, sur 'L'invocation aux Muses' ou la
chronologie generale des secretaires). Enfin, ce sont les themes
essentiels de Montesquieu, les idees-forces autour desquelles se
constitue l'oeuvre majeure, qui sont examines. Le droit comme
expression d'une rationalite mais aussi comme prolongement des
premiers temps de la monarchie (avec la notion de constitution),
l'economie comme champ nouveau offert a la reflexion politique, et
un traitement de l'histoire qui offre de fructueux rapprochements
avec Voltaire: tels sont les modes d'approche d'une pensee avec
laquelle s'est ouvert un horizon radicalement nouveau.
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