What happened to the European mind between 1605, when an audience
watching Macbeth at the Globe might believe that regicide was such
an aberration of the natural order that ghosts could burst from the
ground, and 1649, when a large crowd, perhaps including some who
had seen Macbeth forty-four years earlier, could stand and watch
the execution of a king? Or consider the difference between a magus
casting a star chart and the day in 1639, when Jonathan Horrock and
William Crabtree watched the transit of Venus across the face of
the sun from their attic, successfully testing its course against
Kepler's Tables of Planetary Motion, in a classic case of
confirming a scientific theory by empirical testing. In this
turbulent period, science moved from the alchemy and astrology of
John Dee to the painstaking observation and astronomy of Galileo,
from the classicism of Aristotle, still favoured by the Church, to
the evidence-based, collegiate investigation of Francis Bacon. And
if the old ways still lingered and affected the new mind set -
Descartes's dualism an attempt to square the new philosophy with
religious belief; Newton, the man who understood gravity and the
laws of motion, still fascinated to the end of his life by alchemy
- by the end of that tumultuous century 'the greatest ever change
in the mental outlook of humanity' had irrevocably taken place.
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