Chronic kidney disease with a worldwide prevalence of 10% in the
general population is emerging as a major public health priority.
Renal dysfunction is associated with a high risk for cardiovascular
complications. The relationship between renal insufficiency and
cardiovascular disease, termed the cardiorenal syndrome exists
whether impairment of renal function is a consequence of primary
renal parenchymal disease or primary heart disease.
Several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been postulated to
explain the relationship between renal dysfunction and
cardiovascular disease. Recent studies indicate an integrated
response of the vascular smooth muscles and glomerular mesangial
cells to traditional and uremia related cardiovascular risk
factors. Traditional risk factors can incite renal impairment and
cardiac damage. As renal function deteriorates, uremia-related risk
factors play an increasing role both in reduction in glomerular
filtration rate and cardiovascular damage. Several uremia related
factors such as uncontrolled hypertension, disturbed glucose
insulin metabolism, microalbuminuria, phosphate retention,
secondary hyperparathyroidism, myocardial and vascular
calcification, hypertensive-uremic cardiomyopathy, inflammation,
oxidant injury, and neurohormonal dysregulation have been
implicated in the pathogenesis of the cardiorenal syndrome. Recent
data suggest that management of the cardiorenal syndrome requires
aggressive control of traditional risk factors as well novel
approaches to prevent or reverse uremia related processes.
This book provides a comprehensive update analysis of our
current understanding of the cardiorenal syndrome including
epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and therapeutic
approaches.
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