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Essays in the Economics of Invasive Species Management (Hardcover)
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Essays in the Economics of Invasive Species Management (Hardcover)
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There is no doubt that the phenomenon we now call globalization has
brought many benefits to the citizens of our heterogeneous world.
Inter alia, this phenomenon has resulted in the increased mobility
of humans, goods, and services from one part of the world to
another. International trade in both final goods and services and
in various factors of production has risen, and this rise has
generally seen the welfare improving for all the involved parties.
This rise in international trade in particular and of mobility more
generally has also led to the spread of all manner of animals,
plants, and other organisms from places where they are native to
new locales, where they are not. As noted by Vitousek et al.
(1997), Mooney (1999), and others, it is salient to comprehend that
although this movement and spread of animal and plant species from
one part of the world to another predates the modern era of
globalization, the phenomenon of globalization has accelerated this
mobility. Animal and plant species that have moved from a part of
the world where they are native to another part of the world where
they are not are said to be invasive species. Such species are also
referred to as "alien," as "exotic," and as "non-native" species.
For the purpose of consistency, we shall use the term "invasive,"
in this chapter. Olson (2006) points out that this movement of
animal and plant species can occur naturally, as a result of
specific ecological processes or as a result of deliberate human
activity. In addition, even if we restrict attention to invasive
species introductions that are the result of conscious human
activity, such introductions can be either intentional or
unintentional in nature. Humans have been intentionally introducing
animal and plant species into parts of the world where they are not
native, for many decades. These intentional introductions broadly
fall into two categories. The first category consists of
introductions that are largely ornamental in nature. Exotic pets
such as fish, parrots, and all manner of orchids readily come to
mind. The second category is made up of introductions that form the
basis of what is now known as biological control. The basic
objective here is to use a specific animal or plant species that is
a predator of another prey species whose population is sought to be
controlled. McConnachie et al. (2003) review ten benefit-cost
studies of biological control programs and note that such programs
can be very successful. However, the work of Nogales et al. (2004)
shows that biological control programs can also go awry and give
rise to unintended consequences. Most countries today have
protocols for dealing with the intentional introductions of
invasive species, although it should not go unsaid that the quality
and the effectiveness of these protocols vary considerably.
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