In City of Strangers, Andrew M. Gardner explores the everyday
experiences of workers from India who have migrated to the Kingdom
of Bahrain. Like all the petroleum-rich states of the Persian Gulf,
Bahrain hosts an extraordinarily large population of transmigrant
laborers. Guest workers, who make up nearly half of the country's
population, have long labored under a sponsorship system, the
kafala, that organizes the flow of migrants from South Asia to the
Gulf states and contractually links each laborer to a specific
citizen or institution.
In order to remain in Bahrain, the worker is almost entirely
dependent on his sponsor's goodwill. The nature of this
relationship, Gardner contends, often leads to exploitation and
sometimes violence. Through extensive observation and interviews
Gardner focuses on three groups in Bahrain: the unskilled Indian
laborers who make up the most substantial portion of the foreign
workforce on the island; the country's entrepreneurial and
professional Indian middle class; and Bahraini state and citizenry.
He contends that the social segregation and structural violence
produced by Bahrain's kafala system result from a strategic
arrangement by which the state insulates citizens from the global
and neoliberal flows that, paradoxically, are central to the
nation's intended path to the future.
City of Strangers contributes significantly to our understanding
of politics and society among the states of the Arabian Peninsula
and of the migrant labor phenomenon that is an increasingly
important aspect of globalization.
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