Surgical approaches to the apical areas of teeth have been known
since antiquity. The problem of inadequate root canal therapy led
some dental surgeons to approach the diseased root apex from the
apical and rather than by an approach via the root canal from the
coronal end. It must be emphasized that the primary treatment of
the nonvital tooth relies on conventional endodontic techniques
only when this treatment has failed, or in a few elected cases,
should endodontic surgery be considered. The design of flaps in
endodontic surgery is of prime importance. As the surgical site is
very limited and the mucosa on the alveolus is bound down, once the
incision is made it is difficult to modify or change it. Careful
thought should therefore be given to all factors that may have a
bearing on the flap design. On the completion of surgery, patients
should be informed of possible post operative sequelae and given
full instructions regarding postoperative care.
General
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