In 1894, the British sociologist Benjamin Kidd published Social
Evolution, an influential book that summarised and evaluated the
prevailing social theories at the end of the nineteenth century:
Karl Marx's socialism and Herbert Spencer's social Darwinism. Both
of these conflicting theories were based on Darwinian evolutionary
theory. In this book, Kidd discusses the immense changes that
applied science has brought to the world and the interconnectedness
of everyone. The book's ten chapters include discussions of the
conditions of human progress, the function of religious beliefs,
and the organisation of the working classes. Kidd found flaws in
both Karl Marx's and Herbert Spencer's vision of society's future
and concluded that religion was essential for the evolution of
society because it acts in the interest of generational group
survival rather than individual competition. Social Evolution
called for a comprehensive study of society because a new era in
Western civilisation was beginning.
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