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Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (Paperback)
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Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals (Paperback)
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Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from
matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading
causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires
accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On
average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of
children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50
million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of
upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial
seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to
flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated
upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government
requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is
generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less
than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with
flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of
1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as
an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to
protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death
associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the
Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability
hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which
regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the
National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to
issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered
furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission
granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame
ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR
chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report
for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an
independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by
exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential
upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National
Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on
Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on
Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee
on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report.
Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in
toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure
assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks
of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters
and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process
used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with
potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes
the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the
intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR
chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and
assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR
chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of
these chapters.
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