Francis of Assisi's reported reception of the stigmata on Mount La
Verna in 1224 is often considered to be the first account of an
individual receiving the five wounds of Christ. The
thirteenth-century appearance of this miracle, however, is not as
unexpected as it first seems. Interpretations of Galatians 6:17-I
bear the stigmata of the Lord Jesus Christ in my body-had been
circulating in biblical commentaries since late antiquity. These
works explained stigmata as wounds that martyrs, like the apostle
Paul, received in their attempt to spread Christianity in the face
of resistance. By the seventh century, stigmata were described as
marks of Christ that priests received invisibly at their
ordination. In the eleventh century, monks and nuns were perceived
as bearing the stigmata in so far as they lived a life of
renunciation out of love for Christ. By the later Middle Ages,
women (such as Catherine of Siena) were described as having
stigmata more frequently than were men. With the religious
upheavals of the sixteenth century, the way stigmata were defined
reflected the diverse perceptions of Christianity held by Catholics
and Protestants.
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