When the U.S. Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-596), it established the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Through the
Act, Congress charged NIOSH with recommending occupational safety
and health standards and describing exposure levels that are safe
for various periods of employment, including but not limited to the
exposures at which no worker will suffer diminished health,
functional capacity, or life expectancy because of his or her work
experience. Criteria documents contain a critical review of the
scientific and technical information about the prevalence of
hazards, the existence of safety and health risks, and the adequacy
of control methods. By means of criteria documents, NIOSH
communicates these recommended standards to regulatory agencies,
including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
health professionals in academic institutions, industry, organized
labor, public interest groups, and others in the occupational
safety and health community. This criteria document is derived from
the NIOSH evaluation of critical health effects studies of
occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr VI]) compounds. It
provides recommendations for controlling workplace exposures
including a revised recommended exposure limit (REL) derived using
current quantitative risk assessment methodology on human health
effects data. Cr(VI) compounds include a large group of chemicals
with varying chemical properties, uses, and workplace exposures.
Their properties include corrosion-resistance, durability, and
hardness. Sodium dichromate is the most common chromium chemical
from which other Cr(VI) compounds may be produced. Materials
containing Cr(VI) include various paint and primer pigments,
graphic art supplies, fungicides, corrosion inhibitors, and wood
preservatives. Some of the industries in which the largest numbers
of workers are exposed to high concentrations of Cr(VI) compounds
include electroplating, welding, and painting. An estimated 558,000
U.S. workers are exposed to airborne Cr(VI) compounds in the
workplace.
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