In 2012 Narendra Modi became the first Hindu nationalist politician
thrice elected to lead a state of the Indian Union, his stewardship
as Chief Minister of Gujarat being the longest in that state’s
history. Modi and his BJP supporters explained his achievement by
pointing to economic growth under his leadership, yet detractors
point out that Modi has been more business-friendly than
market-friendly—to the benefit of large industrial corporations,
and at the cost of great social polarisation. In 2002, an
anti-Muslim pogrom of unparalleled ferocity occurred in Gujarat,
leading to the biggest number of Muslim deaths since Partition. The
state’s Hindu majority immediately rallied around Modi. No
serious riot has occurred in Gujarat since, but polarisation was
key to Modi’s strategy there, and he has deployed that strategy
again and again since he became Prime Minister of India in 2014.
For Modi has cultivated a communal image. A marketing genius, his
messaging combines the politics of Hindutva with economic
modernisation, to the clear appreciation of Gujarat’s middle
class. Christophe Jaffrelot’s revealing book shows how Modi’s
Gujarat served as the laboratory of Modi’s India, not only in
terms of Hindu majoritarianism and national populism, but also of
caste and class politics.
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