IRON AND STEEL - THEIR PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURE - INTRODUCTORY -
OF all the Commodities of Commerce Iron is by far the most
important. In this country it forms the basis of an Industry which
ranks second only to that of Agri-l culture, it enters essentially
into every other manufacture, it is the maid-of-all-work of
Science, the servant L of the Arts. The civilisation of nations is
measured, , , l by it, wealth results from its possession and
progress, , accompanies its use. In writing the story of iron in
the short space which this book necessarily allows, it is
manifestly impossible to deal with finished manufactures save those
which are made directly from the raw material such as rails,
girders, bars, plates, etc., and even these can only be treated in
a very general way. The endeavour of the Author has been to write
of the subject on broad lines, and thus give a comprehensive and
clear account of it without too much detail. He wishes to express
his . obligation to Scrivenors History of the Iuon Tuade, Swanks
Iron in all Ages, and Sir Lowthian Bells work, Principles of the
Manufacture of Iron and Steel, and to thank Mr. S. Marston, of the
North Eastern Steel Co., and Mr. Henry Simpson, of the
Middlesbrough Chamber of Commerce, for much valuable assistance.
Gold is for the mistress-silver for the maid Copper for the
craftsman cunning at his trade. Good said the a r o ns, i tting in
his hall, But 1ron-cold Iron-is master of them all From the Poem
Cold Iron in Rewards and Fairies, by Rudyard Kipling. By permission
of Messrs. Macmillan 8-Co - CONTENTS - THE RAW MATERIALS CHAP. PAGE
I. IRON ORES . . 1 11. COKE AND LIMESTONE . . 10 THE HISTORY OF
IRON-MAKING III. ORIGINS AND PROGRESS .. 13 THE HISTORY OF MODERN
STEEL PROCESSES IV. THE BESSEMER PROCESS . . 24 V. THE
SIEMENS-MARTIN OPEN HEARTH PROCESS 37 VI. THE ELECTRIC FURNACE . .
41 THE PROCESSES AND PLANT USED IN IRON AND STEEL-MAKING VII. THE
BLAST FURNACE AND ITS ACCESSORIES . 44 VIII. THE ACID OPEN HEARTH
PROCESS-THE BASIC OPEN HEARTH PROCESS-COMPARISON OF THE FOUR STEEL
PROCESSES-INGOTS AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT . 58-70 IX. FOUNDRY
IRON-THE FORGE-OTHER PRO CESSES 72-80 - vii i L v111 CONTENT S
CHAP. THE IRON TRADE PAGE X. THE HISTORY OF THE TRADE IN IRON. . 81
I XI. THE IRON TRADE OF VARIOUS COUNTRIESGREAT BRITAIN-GERMANY-THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-FRANCE-BELGIUM - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY -
RUSSIA-SWEDEN - THE WORLD POSITION . 96-1 15 XII. THE WARRANT
MARKET . . 116 XIII. PROTECTIVE POLICIES AND COMBINATIONS OF
MANUFACTURERS . . 130 APPENDIX . 146 INDEX . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TAPP1, NG - 4 BLAST FURNACE . . Frontispiece PAGE CATALAN FORGE . .
15 COGGING INGOTS . . 21 TEEMING STEEL FROM BESSEPvlER CONVERTER TO
TR-4NSFER LADLE . 2 5 BESSEMER CONVERTER l BLOWING BESSERIER
CONVERTER. FINISH OF BLOW . . 29 POURING lLIOLTEN IRON FROM LADLE
INTO THE METAL MIXER . . 31 RESSEMER CONVERTER . . . 33 A SMALL
SIEMENS-bZARTIN EXPERIMENTAL FURNACE . 38 BLAST FURNACE . . 46
COWPER STOVE . . 50 GJERS CALCINING KILN . 52 1 TALEOT TILTING
STEEL FURNACES . . 61 MILD STEEL STERNFRAME AND BRACKETS FOR
MAURETANIA AND LUSITANIA . . 71 X LIST oE ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE TOP
HALF OF L. P. TURBINE CYLINDER . . 74 SMITHING OR SETTING CIRCULAR
SAWS . . 78 SECTION OF PUDDLING FURNACE . . 80 QUARRYING IRON ORE
IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA . . 111 CLARENCE IRON WORKS, WHERE SIR LOWTHIAN
BELLS EXPERIMENTS WERE MADE. . . . 122 . A LARGE HAMMER. . . . 128
IRONAND STEEL - THE RAW MATERIALS CHAPTER I IRON ORES To begin at
the very beginning it is necessary to consider the origin of the
iron which is found in the rocks, from which it is extracted by the
ironmaster. It has been estimated that iron forms 5 per cent...
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