Developed in the 1930s, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was
never meant to be an indicator of the level of welfare of a
population, but its emphasis by politicians and news outlets has
made it become one of the most popular indicators of development .
Increasingly scholars have criticized the emphasis on the GDP, and
put forward other indicators, amongst which is the Genuine Progress
Indicator (GPI), an aggregate index of over 20 economic, social and
environmental indicators, which are added or subtracted depending
on whether they are considered as contributing to, or subtracting
from, people s welfare or well-being.
The most interesting and useful research related to the GPI
consists in its comparison to the GDP. This is the first book to
calculate the GPI of Hong Kong and Singapore from 1968 to 2011. The
book explores how in most other countries the GDP has increased
faster than the GPI, with the GPI stabilizing during the 1970s or
1980s because the social and environmental costs of development
associated with rapid economic growth slowed down genuine progress,
as measured by the GPI. This has been explained with the threshold
hypothesis, which states that once a certain level of development
of a country is reached, the GPI no longer increases, even if the
economy (as measured by the GDP) grows. Yet in Hong Kong and
Singapore the GPI only stabilized in 1998. The book examines this
in light of the deindustrialization of Hong Kong and Singapore, the
Asian Economic Crisis, and the continued investment in
infrastructure. The book also discusses the policy implications of
a slowdown of the GPI, in terms of promoting a steady state economy
where economic growth is no longer the goal of government
policies.
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