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CHAPTER III. THE REACTION AND ACIDITY OF URINE. The reaction of
normal urine to litmus paper. Effect of concentration, copious
drinking, meats, etc. "Acid fermentation;" changes in reaction on
standing. Alkaline decomposition; reaction of stale urine.
Conversion of urea into ammonium carbonate, etc. Urine alkaline
from fixed alkali and from volatile. Amphoteric reaction.
Physiological variations in the reaction; effect of age, drinks,
diet, exercise, ingestion of drugs, etc. Pathological variations;
effects of diseases, as diabetes, fever, gout, stomach diseases,
etc., etc. Clinical notes on hyperacidity; effect on urethritis,
cause of albu- minuria, sign of lithiasis, diagnostic point in
pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical test for reaction, use of litmus
paper. How to preserve litmus paper. Collection of urine for
determination of acidity. Cause of the apparent acidity of urine.
Difficulties in determining the acidity of urine. Clinical method
for determining acidity. Benedict's "acid units." Relation of
acidity to arteriosclerosis. Preparation of decinormal sodium
hydroxide solution. Decinormal sodium hydroxide U. S. P. Polin's
method for determining the total acidity, including diacid
phosphates and free organic acids. Acidity expressed in terms of
oxalic acid and of hydrochloric acid. The chemical balance and set
of weights. Determination of acidity by estimation of sodium
dihydrophos- phate. The Reaction of Urine.?Normally the urine is
slightly acid in reaction, turning blue litmus paper red. The
degree of acidity depends largely upon the concentration, urine of
high specific gravity?as on rising in the morning?being more acid
than after drinking copiously. In some cases, however, the urine
grows less...
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