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Books > Humanities > Philosophy > Topics in philosophy > Ethics & moral philosophy
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The Impartial Spectator - Adam Smith's Moral Philosophy (Hardcover, New Ed)
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The Impartial Spectator - Adam Smith's Moral Philosophy (Hardcover, New Ed)
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D. D. Raphael provides a critical account of the moral philosophy
of Adam Smith, presented in his first book, The Theory of Moral
Sentiments. Whilst it does not have the same prominence in its
field as his work on economics, The Wealth of Nations, Smith's
writing on ethics is of continuing importance and interest today,
especially for its theory of conscience. Smith sees the origin of
conscience in the sympathetic and antipathetic feelings of
spectators. As spectators of the actions of other people, we can
imagine how we would feel in their situation. If we would share
their motives, we approve of their action. If not, we disapprove.
When we ourselves take an action, we know from experience what
spectators would feel, approval or disapproval. That knowledge
forms conscience, an imagined impartial spectator who tells us
whether an action is right or wrong. In describing the content of
moral judgement, Smith is much influenced by Stoic ethics, with an
emphasis on self-command, but he voices criticism as well as
praise. His own position is a combination of Stoic and Christian
values. There is a substantial difference between the first five
editions of the Moral Sentiments and the sixth. Failure to take
account of this has led some commentators to mistaken views about
the supposed youthful idealism of the Moral Sentiments as
contrasted with the mature realism of The Wealth of Nations. A
further source of error has been the supposition that Smith treats
sympathy as the motive of moral action, as contrasted with the
supposedly universal motive of self-interest in The Wealth of
Nations.
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