This manual, part of the new Building Infrastructure Protection
Series published by the United States (U.S.) Department of Homeland
Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T)
Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division (IDD),
serves to advance high performance and integrated design for
buildings and infrastructure. This manual was prepared as a
component of the S&T program for infrastructure protection and
disaster management; the overall goal of this program is to enhance
the blast and chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR)
resistance of our Nation's buildings and infrastructure to meet
specific performance requirements at the highest possible level.
One of the objectives of this manual is to provide the tools and
guidance to reduce physical damage to structural and nonstructural
components of buildings and related infrastructure and to reduce
resulting casualties caused by conventional bomb attacks and
attacks using CBR agents. Although the material and the risk
assessment methodology in this manual can be applied to most
building types, it is intended to assist with the design and
management of facilities in eight designated sectors outlined in
the DHS 2009 National Infrastructure Protection Plan (the NIPP):
Banking and Finance, Commercial Facilities, Communications,
Critical Manufacturing, Government Facilities, Healthcare and
Public Health, Information Technology, and Postal and Shipping. The
purpose of this manual is to provide guidance to designers and
decision makers in these sectors, to building professionals working
for public and private institutions, and to first responder
communities. It presents tools to help assess the performance of
buildings and infrastructure against terrorist threats and to rank
recommended protective measures. A primary objective of this manual
is the establishment of a common framework of terminology to
facilitate the transfer of this information. For example, a basis
for design is established by identifying the threat or hazard to
which a building may be vulnerable. Within the military,
intelligence, and law enforcement communities, the term "threat" is
typically used to describe the potential threat elements
(personnel) and their tactics for creating terrorism or manmade
disasters. Within FEMA and other civil agencies, the term "hazard"
is used in several different contexts. "Natural" hazard typically
refers to a natural event, such as a flood, wind, or seismic event.
"Human-caused" (or manmade) hazards are "technological" hazards and
"terrorism." These are distinct from natural hazards, primarily, in
that they originate from human activity. Furthermore,
"technological" hazards are generally assumed to be accidental, in
that their consequences are unintended. For the sake of simplicity,
this manual uses the terms "threat" to describe terrorism or
intentional attacks and "hazard" to describe accidental manmade or
technological hazards. Another objective of this manual is the
transfer of design concepts that have been in use by DHS these
include concepts of the Interagency Security Committee (ISC)
Standards and Best Practices, the General Services Administration
(GSA), the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the U.S.
Department of State (DOS), U.S. Department of Defense (DOD),
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC), and the military services] to
commercial practice. Several valuable risk assessment methodologies
are used by both the public and private sectors; however, this
manual focuses on the methodology described in FEMA 452, Risk
Assessment: A How-To Guide to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks
(2005), which has been used extensively by Federal agencies, along
with State and local governments and the private sector. This
manual presents techniques that can be implemented incrementally
over time to increase resiliency as well as decrease the
vulnerability of a building to hazards and terrorist threats.
General
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