FEMA initiated this project in September 2004 with a contract to
the Applied Technology Council. The project was undertaken to
address the need for guidance on how to build a structure that
would be capable of resisting the extreme forces of both a tsunami
and an earthquake. This question was driven by the fact that there
are many communities along our nation's west coast that are located
on narrow spits of land and are vulnerable to a tsunami triggered
by an earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone, which could
potentially generate a tsunami of 20 feet in elevation or more
within 20 minutes. Given their location, it would be impossible to
evacuate these communities in time, which could result in a
significant loss of life. Many coastal communities subject to
tsunami located in other parts of the country also have the same
potential problem. In these cases, the only feasible alternative is
vertical evacuation, using specially design, constructed and
designated structures built to resist both tsunami and earthquake
loads. The significance of this issue came into sharp relief with
the December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami.
While this event resulted in a tremendous loss of life, this would
have been even worse had not many people been able to take shelter
in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Without realizing it,
these survivors were among the first to demonstrate the concept of
vertical evacuation from a tsunami. This publication presents the
following information: General information on the tsunami hazard
and its history; Guidance on determining the tsunami hazard,
including the need for tsunami depth and velocity on a
site-specific basis; Different options for vertical evacuation from
tsunamis; Determining tsunami and earthquake loads and structural
design criteria necessary to address them; and, Structural design
concepts and other considerations. In September 2004 the Applied
Technology Council (ATC) was awarded a "Seismic and Multi-Hazard
Technical Guidance Development and Support" contract
(HSFEHQ-04-D-0641) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) to conduct a variety of tasks, including the development of
design guidance for special facilities for vertical evacuation from
tsunamis, which ATC designated the ATC-64 Project. The effort was
co-funded by FEMA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA). The developmental process involved a variety
of activities including review of relevant research and
state-of-the-practice documentation and literature, preparation of
technical guidance and approaches for tsunami-resistant design,
identification of relevant tsunami loads and applicable design
criteria, development of methods to calculate tsunami loading, and
identification of desired architectural and structural system
attributes for vertical evacuation facilities. The resulting
guidance for design of special facilities for vertical evacuation
from tsunami, as presented herein, addresses a range of relevant
issues. Chapter 1 defines the scope and limitations of the
guidance. Chapter 2 provides background information on tsunami
effects and their potential impacts on buildings in coastal
communities. Chapters 3 through 7 provide design guidance on
characterization of tsunami hazard, choosing between various
options for vertical evacuation structures, locating and sizing
vertical evacuation structures, estimation of tsunami load effects,
structural design criteria, and design concepts and other
considerations. The document concludes with a series of appendices
that provide supplemental information, including examples of
vertical evacuation structures from Japan, example tsunami load
calculations, a community design example, development of impact
load equations, and background on maximum flow velocity and
momentum flux in the tsunami runup zone.
General
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