The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has developed this
series of mitigation planning "how-to" guides to assist states,
communities, and tribes in enhancing their hazard mitigation
planning capabilities. These guides are designed to provide the
type of information state and local governments need to initiate
and maintain a planning process that will result in safer
communities. These guides are applicable to states and communities
of various sizes and varying ranges of financial and technical
resources. This how-to series is not intended to be the last word
on any of the subject matter covered; rather, it is meant to
provide clear guidance for the field practitioner. In practice,
these guides may be supplemented with more extensive technical
resources and the use of experts when necessary. The series
consists of four guides covering the core aspects of the planning
process, and additional guides addressing special topics in hazard
mitigation. The "core four" guides cover: Getting started with the
mitigation planning process, including important considerations for
how you can organize your efforts to develop an effective
mitigation plan (FEMA 386-1); Identifying hazards and assessing
losses to your community or state (FEMA 386-2); Setting mitigation
priorities and goals for your community or state and writing the
plan (FEMA 386-3); and Implementing the mitigation plan, including
project funding and maintaining a dynamic plan that changes to meet
new developments (FEMA 386-4). Special topics covered include:
Evaluating potential mitigation actions through the use of
benefit-cost analysis and other techniques (FEMA 386-5);
Incorporating special considerations into hazard mitigation
planning for historic properties and cultural resources (FEMA
386-6); Incorporating mitigation considerations for manmade hazards
into hazard mitigation planning, the topic of this how-to guide
(FEMA 386-7); Using multi-jurisdictional approaches to mitigation
planning (FEMA 386-8); and Finding and securing technical and
financial resources for mitigation planning (FEMA 386-9). Disasters
are events that can cause loss of life and property, environmental
damage, and disruption of governmental, social, and economic
activities. They occur when hazards impact human settlements and
the built environment. Throughout the Cold War, the focus of
emergency management planning was on responding to and recovering
from nuclear attack by foreign enemies. During the 1990s, this
emphasis shifted to address natural disasters such as hurricanes,
earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods. Yet again, the need to
incorporate new threats into emergency management planning-this
time, manmade hazards such as terrorism and technological
disasters-has become all too apparent, as demonstrated by the
September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City and Washington, DC and
the July 2001 hazardous material train derailment and fire in
Baltimore, Maryland. Additionally, the 2001 anthrax attacks, the
1996 bombing at the summer Olympics in Atlanta, the 1995
destruction of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, the
1993 World Trade Center bombing, and scores of smaller-scale
incidents and accidents reinforce the need for communities to
reduce their vulnerability to future terrorist acts and
technological disasters.
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