South America is a unique place where a number of past climate
archives are ava- able from tropical to high latitude regions. It
thus offers a unique opportunity to explore past climate
variability along a latitudinal transect from the Equator to Polar
regions and to study climate teleconnections. Most climate records
from tropical and subtropical South America for the past 20,000
years have been interpreted as local responses to shift in the mean
position and intensity of the InterTropical Conv- gence Zone due to
tropical and extratropical forcings or to changes in the South
American Summer Monsoon. Further South, the role of the Southern
Hemisphere westerly winds on global climate has been highly
investigated with both paleodata and coupled climate models.
However the regional response over South America during the last
20,000 years is much more variable from place to place than pre-
ously thought. The factors that govern the spatial patterns of
variability on millennial scale resolution are still to be
understood. The question of past natural rates and ranges of
climate conditions over South America is therefore of special
relevance in this context since today millions of people live under
climates where any changes in monsoon rainfall can lead to
catastrophic consequences.
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