Sabbath worship as a communal event does not feature in the Hebrew
Bible. In the context of the first century CE, according to Philo
and Josephus, the sabbath gatherings took place only for the
purpose of studying the law, and not for the liturgical recital of
psalms or prayer. Classical authors depict Jews spending the
sabbath at home. Jewish inscriptions provide no evidence of
sabbath-worship in prayer-houses (proseuchai), while the Mishnah
prescribes no special communal sabbath activities. The usual
picture of Jews going on the sabbath to the synagogue to worship
thus appears to be without foundation. It is even doubtful that
there were synagogue buildings, for "synagogue" normally meant
"community". The conclusion of this study, that there is no
evidence that the sabbath was a day of communal Jewish worship
before 200 CE, has far-reaching consequences for our understanding
of early Jewish-Christian relationships.
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