Despite implicating ethnicity in everything from civil war to
economic failure, researchers seldom consult psychological research
when addressing the most basic question: What is ethnicity? The
result is a radical scholarly divide generating contradictory
recommendations for solving ethnic conflict. Research into how the
human brain actually works demands a revision of existing schools
of thought. At its foundation, ethnic identity is a cognitive
uncertainty-reduction device with special capacity to exacerbate,
but not cause, collective action problems. This produces a new
general theory of ethnic conflict that can improve both
understanding and practice. A deep study of separatism in the USSR
and CIS demonstrates the theory's potential, mobilizing evidence
from elite interviews, three local languages, and mass surveys. The
outcome is a significant reinterpretation of nationalism's role in
the USSR's breakup, which turns out to have been a far more
contingent event than commonly recognized. International relations
in the CIS are similarly cast in new light.
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