The Handbook of Environmental Health-Pollutant Interactions in Air,
Water, and Soil includes Nine Chapters on a variety of topics
basically following a standard chapter outline where applicable
with the exception of Chapters 8 and 9. The outline is as follows:
1. Background and status 2. Scientific, technological and general
information 3. Statement of the problem 4. Potential for
intervention 5. Some specific resources 6. Standards, practices,
and techniques 7. Modes of surveillance and evaluation 8. Various
controls 9. Summary of the chapter 10. Research needs for the
future Chapter 1, Air Quality Management discusses various clean
air acts, toxic air pollutants, the various types of pollutants,
the composition of the atmosphere, global warming, ozone depletion,
various atmospheric regions, air currents and movement, air
temperature, inversions, urban and topographic effects, weather,
physical properties of gases including various laws, psychometric
properties of air, particulate matter, settling velocity of
particles, particle retention in lungs, alteration and
transportation of particulate matter, bubble concept. It also
discusses various regulated air pollutants including nitrogen
oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, a range of
hydrocarbons both aliphatic and aromatic, photochemical oxidants,
organic gaseous discharges, simplified reactions in the atmosphere,
ozone, methyl bromide, lead, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, mercury,
fluorides, odors. Air pollutants from incinerators, cement kilns,
backyard burning, external combustion, internal combustion,
attrition, evaporation, incineration, pulp and paper mills, iron
and steel mills, petroleum refineries, metallurgical industries,
chemical manufacturers, power plants, food and agricultural
industries are also included. Air toxics and hazardous air
pollutants are of considerable significance. Major source
categories of air pollutants are discussed. There is a significant
amount of material on disease and injury potential from air
pollutants and a discussion of the respiratory system, the eye,
systemic effect, digestive system. Economic effects are discussed
including problems of visibility, acid deposition, global
atmospheric changes. The latest standards, practices and techniques
used for all of the air pollutants discussed as well as modes of
surveillance and evaluation are in the text. Air pollution controls
and state-of-the-art graphics are utilized to better understand how
to control various air pollutants. Chapter 2, Solid and Hazardous
Waste Management discusses residential waste, commercial waste,
municipal waste, institutional and research laboratory waste,
infectious and medical waste, industrial waste, food waste, yard
waste, food processing waste, metal waste, paper, plastics, glass,
wood, aluminum, chemical waste, rubber, radioactive waste, mining
waste, agricultural waste, recreational waste, abandoned
automobiles, packaging materials, refuse-derived fuels, heavy
metals, toxic releases. It also discusses in detail pollution
prevention and waste minimization, municipal solid waste reduction,
Hazardous Waste and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, solid waste
storage systems, on-site volume reduction systems, central volume
reduction systems. Various collections systems, individual,
community, industrial, agricultural are included. Sanitary
landfills and the attendant problems are discussed in detail. Other
concerns include types and properties of solid waste, hydrology and
climatology, soils and geology, planning and design of landfills,
site selection, types of soils, equipment, converting landfill gas
and electricity. Incineration of various types are discussed
including air emissions, general design of equipment, residue
analysis and, incinerator process water, special waste handling.
Composting and biological treatment includes physical and chemical
processes, biological processes, different compost systems,
innovative uses of compost. Pyrolysis includes pyrolysis oils,
carbon black, reclamation and recycling. The disposal of solid
waste includes the problems of land pollution, water pollution, air
pollution, spread of disease through the waste and by means of
insects and rodents. Chemical hazards in the human environment
include endocrine disruptors, dioxins, other hazardous waste,
injuries and occupational hazards. Types of hazardous waste include
ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic waste. Hazardous waste
transportation, waste discharge hazards, underground storage tanks
are also discussed. Toxics release inventory, material handling
technologies are significant. Redeveloping Brownfields are
important. Standards, practices, and techniques are available for
all forms of solid and hazardous waste disposal. The Superfund and
the various acts related to it, are discussed. Study and evaluation
techniques as well as controls and treatment techniques are an
essential part of the material. Employee protection programs as
well as other solid and hazardous waste programs and integrated
techniques of disposal are part of the material. Chapter 3, Private
and Public Water Supplies discusses the most recent laws and water
quality. It also discusses the hydrologic cycle, human impact on
the water cycle, hydrogeology, geographic information system,
EnviroMapper, global positioning system. There is an extensive
discussion of water treatment including chemical reactions, dosage
and concentration terminology, environmental concerns, water
distribution, wells, ponds or lakes, springs, rivers. Water
treatment plants include state-of-the-art graphics of water intake,
aeration, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination, storage
including reservoirs where discussions of hypochlorination of
water, ozone, aeration, chlorine, chlorine dioxide are described.
Water supply problems include physical problems, chemical hazards,
radiological hazards, groundwater and surface water relationships,
groundwater contamination, public water system contamination by
injection wells, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic
compounds, gasoline. There is a discussion of risk assessment and
risk management of water supplies. Biological factors include
waterborne disease outbreaks, E. Coli 0157: H7 and Campylobacter
outbreaks. Standards, practices, and procedures are established for
safe drinking water. There's a discussion and state-of-the-art
graphics of dug or bored wells, driven wells, plumbing, drilled
wells, well construction, well pumps, storage of well water, well
testing, well disinfection, chlorination equipment, filters. Water
treatment plant surveys, mapping programs for groundwater supplies,
waterborne disease investigation are essential. Appropriate survey
forms and US EPA studies and techniques are included. New
technologies in water treatment are important. Chapter 4, Swimming
Areas discusses water treatment, sources of water supply, pool
hydraulic system, disinfection, swimming pool chemistry, chemistry
of ozone in water, swimming pool calculations, therapeutic pools,
bathing beaches and microbiological characteristics, recent
outbreaks of disease, potential safety problems, current standards,
practices and techniques, pool plans review, pool equipment,
filtration systems, chemical feed, water testing, inspection
techniques all accompanied by appropriate state-of-the-art
graphics. Chapter 5, Plumbing discusses basic principles of
plumbing related to environmental health, principles of hydraulics,
cross connections, black flow, plumbing problems of public health
significance, interceptors, separators, backwater valves, indirect
and special waste, water supply and distribution systems, drainage
systems, liquid medical waste, geothermal heat pump systems, tests
and maintenance, means of preventing backflow, uniform plumbing
code. Chapter 6, Private and Public Sewage Disposal and Soils
discusses sources of sewage, appearance and composition of sewage,
dissolved gases, biological composition of sewage, oxygen demand in
sewage, chemical changes in sewage composition, decomposition of
organic matter in sewage, biological sludges, sewage disposal
concepts, sewage contaminants in groundwater, holding tank concept,
sewage system infrastructure, primary treatment, secondary sewage
treatment techniques including trickling filter systems, activated
sludge process, rotating biological contactors, contact aeration
process, intermittent sand filters, stabilization ponds,
chlorination of sewage. Sludge digestion, treatment, and disposal
techniques are discussed in depth. Advanced water treatment
techniques, suspended solids removal, adsorption, oxidation, foam
separation, distillation, electrodialysis, freezing, ion exchange,
reverse osmosis, phosphate removal, nitrate removal are discussed.
Package treatment plants are included. There is a substantial
discussion of the topic of soils including soil profile, soil
formation and composition, properties and qualities of soils, soil
texture, permeability, soil structure, shrink-swell potential,
classification and naming of soils, characteristic used to
differentiate soils, effluents from septic tanks and soils,
reduction of sewage effluent by soil, evapotranspiration and
climate, soil-clogging effects of septic tank effluents, soil
cleaning technologies, soil surveys. Equipment and systems are
described in depth including septic tanks, aerobic tank systems,
dosing tanks, soil absorption systems, and all forms of municipal
treatment systems. State-of-the-art graphics is used throughout the
chapter to highlight the information. Chapter 7, Water Pollution
and Water Quality Controls discusses all of the federal laws
related to water, water pollution, water quality and clean water.
It also discusses wetlands, coastal waters, estuaries, the ocean,
the effects of heat, acidity and alkalinity, conductivity, chemical
oxygen demand-biological oxygen demand-dissolved oxygen
relationships, solids and water pollution, nutrients and water
pollution, water resource problems, pollutants and their sources,
municipal waste, ocean pollution, National Eutrophication Study,
non-point source pollution of all types, pesticides. There is a
substantial discussion of the major point sources of pollution,
techniques used to measure the levels of pollution and appropriate
controls. The type of pollutants include oxygen-depleting wastes,
toxic and hazardous wastes, waste causing physical damage, waste
producing tastes and odors, waste containing inorganic dissolved
solids, plant nutrients, radioactive wastes, corrosive wastes,
pathogenic wastes, thermal pollution, dredging waste, sedimentation
wastes, oil, mining drainage, feedlot pollution, waste from
watercraft, irrigation. Public health aspects of water pollution
include a large variety of biological hazards, bacterial, viral,
protozoa, helminths, microorganisms in shellfish and microorganisms
in wastewater aerosols. Chemical hazards include a large number of
chemical substances potentially hazardous to humans through either
drinking water or the food chain. They are trihalomethanes, MTBE
and other airborne volatile organic compounds, polychlorinated
biphenyls, pesticides, other organic compounds, potential mutagens
in wastewater and sludge, toxic organics from homes, organics found
in raw municipal wastewater, organics found in raw municipal
sludge, organics found in soil and groundwater, heavy metals in
sludge, detergents. Standards, practices and techniques related to
fish and wildlife areas, swimming areas are included. Public water
supplies are discussed in Chapter 3. There is a significant
presentation on proper sludge disposal as well as land application
of sewage sludge. Wastewater treatment techniques are provided for
biological waste and chemical waste. Chapter 8, Terrorism and
Environmental Health Emergencies discusses the nature of terrorism,
various types of terrorist acts including biological, chemical,
nuclear, radiological, electrical systems, agricultural, cyber. The
Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response and the National
Strategy for Combating Terrorism which was published December 15,
2000 is discussed in detail. Also included is the Strategic Plan of
the Centers for Disease Control from the year 2000 as well as US
Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations
Plan of January 2001. In addition disasters and how best to deal
with them including earthquakes, floods, forest fires, hurricanes,
landslides, radiological spills, tornadoes and windstorms are part
of the chapter. There is a discussion of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right to Know Law, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
emergency management at the state level, National Disaster Medical
System, disaster response guidelines for ambulance providers,
community disaster plans, hospital disaster plans, emergency
vehicles and emergency communications systems, environmental
response teams, mental health needs and disasters. Specific
environmental health measures are established for housing, food,
water, insect and rodent control, sewage, solid and hazardous
waste, radiation. Chapter 9, Major Instrumentation for
Environmental Evaluation of Ambient Air, Water, and Soil discusses
techniques for collecting soil samples, water samples, air samples
for particulates, air samples for gases and vapors, remote
monitoring of gases, vapors, and particulates, stack sampling for
gases, vapors and particulates. Sample analysis techniques are
presented for soil and water samples. State of the art graphics are
utilized to help understand sampling techniques. A large and
current bibliography by chapter is included at the end of the book.
The state-of-the-art computerized graphics produced by
internationally acclaimed artist, can be found throughout the book.
A comprehensive index of both volume II and volume I is at the end
of the book to aid the reader in easily finding necessary
information. The reader is referred to volume I when appropriate.
The book is user-friendly to a variety of individuals including
generalists professionals as well as specialists, industrial
hygiene personnel, health and medical personnel, the media,
supervisors and managers of environmental health and occupational
health areas, and students. Individuals can easily gain appropriate
and applicable standards, rules and regulations to help the
individual increase knowledge in a given area or solve actual
problems. The book is utilized to help individuals also prepare for
registration examinations. The book is co-published with the
National Environmental Health Association.
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