ELEMENTARY SURVEYING by ARTHUR LOVAT HIGGINS. PREFACE: Now that
Elementary Surveying is regarded as something more than a mere
adjunct to mathematics and geography, it appeared to the writer
that there might be a place for a little book which aims at opening
a vista of the educational and professional possibilities of the
subject, presenting it as the application of a few general
geometrical principles rather than something akin to a handicraft
with each operation an entity. It is hoped this book will stimulate
enthusiasm among those who contemplate entering one of the
professions implied in the Introduction or, otherwise, create an
interest in the other mans job. The text is based largely upon the
syllabus in Elementary Surveying in the General School Examination
of the University of London, and matter outside this curriculum is
indicated with an asterisk, suggesting the introduction to an
intermediate course in the subject. Also many of the questions are
taken from papers set by the writer in this particular examination
and he takes this opportunity of expressing his indebtedness to the
Senate of that University for their courtesy in permitting him to
reproduce this material. In addition to the theoretical exercises,
a number of field exercises are added, and these no doubt will
suggest lines upon which others can be devised in keeping with what
may be conveniently styled local conditions. These examples are
short, and anticipate the adoption of parues of three four at most
pupils, this organisation, in the writers opinion, being the only
rational way of handling the subject. Parts of larger surveys or
schemes can be allocated to these parties, who retain their
identity as far as ispracticable. Prior to going into the field the
routine should be outlined so as to reduce supervision to a
minimum, and, better still, to leave the parties to their own
devices. The writer takes this opportunity of expressing his
indebtedness to Mr. A. N. Utting, of the Cambridge University
Engineering Laboratory, for preparing the drawings from which the
figures are reproduced, also his thanks to Mr. S. G. Soal, M. A.,
of Queen Mary College, for his kindness in reading the proofs. In
conclusion the writer acknowledges the agency of his wife, whose
influence really led him to undertake this short but pleasant
enterprise. Queen Mary College, ARTHUR LOVAT HIGGINS cjo Kings
College, Cambridge CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 I.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 4 Co-ordinates Five fundamental methods
Triangulation and traversing Offsets, locating objects Chains and
chaining Sloping distances Other modes of linear measurement
Signals II. CHAIN SURVEYING 22 Equipment Field book Outline of
simple survey Boundary lines Traversing with the chain III,
PLOTTING PLANS AND MAPS 30 Construction and use of scales Special
scales Plotting and finishing maps Conventional signs Constructing
angles use of protractor and trigonometrical tables Enlarging maps
and plans IV...
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