For centuries, physical models have been used to investigate
complex hydraulic problems. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) stated,
"I will treat of such a subject. But first of all, 1 shall make a
few experiments and then demonstrate why bodies are forced to act
in this matter. " Even with the current advancements of
mathematical numerical models, certain complex three-dimensional
flow phenomena must still rely on physical model studies.
Mathematical models cannot provide adequate solutions if physical
processes involved are not completely known. Physical models are
particularly attractive to investigate phenomena-involved sediment
movements because many three-dimensional sediment processes are
still unclear at this stage. Theoretically, there are numerous
factors governing movable bed processes and it is nearly impossible
to design model studies to obey all the model criteria. Sometimes,
appropriate lightweight materials are difficult or too costly to
obtain. Often, distorted models are used due to the limitation of
available space and the requirement for greater vertical flow depth
to investigate vertical differences of various parameters. The
turbulence level in the model may also be maintained at a
sufficient level to reproduce a similar flow pattern in the
prototype. Frequently, engineers are forced to employ distorted
models that cannot be designed to satisfy all governing criteria
correctly. Thus each hydraulic laboratory has developed its own
rules for model testing and a great deal of experience is needed to
interpret model results.
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