Genetic differences in humans, like those between individuals of
any animal or plant species and those between species, are all
products of the evolutionary development of the living world. Th
ese diff erences, with their behavioral consequences, can only be
understood in the light of evolution. Our understanding of
evolution, however, has itself evolved. Th e Darwin-Wallace theory
of evolution appeared in the nineteenth century. Since then,
development of evolutionary thought has gone through several
stages. Th e contributions in this volume describe those
stages.
The first four decades after Darwin were dominated by studies in
comparative anatomy, embryology, systematics, zoogeography,
phytogeography, and paleontology, all intended to discover and
examine the evidences of evolution. But the phylogenies of the
animal and plant kingdoms, that is, the history of the linkages of
animal and plant organisms as they change through time, were less
well documented. In particular, the phylogeny of humans is still
not completely known.
The period following World War Two saw acceleration of activity
in fi elds in and bordering on behavioral genetics. Research in
neuroendocrinology showed that higher cortical centers could infl
uence and be infl uenced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
adrenals, and gonads. Genetic diversity in the function of these
organs had obvious consequences for social and cultural behavior.
Th e failure of some early and long-reinforced attempts at
conditioning by students of comparative animal behavior showed
species-specifi c innate behavior could not be ignored in any
theory that attempts to combine psychology and anthropology. Th is
classic volume summarizes the development of evolutionary thinking,
and describes how what we know about genetic diversity links up
with research on human behavior.
"J. N. Spuhler" was known for his pioneering work in the
department of anthropological genetics. He taught in many
universities including Ohio State University, the University of
Michigan, and the University of Mexico. He received the National
Academy of Science award for scientific reviewing and his work has
appeared in scholarly journals including: "Journal of
Anthropological Research, Annual Review of Anthropology," and
"American Journal of Physical Anthropology."
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