Marching against Gender Practice: Political Imaginings in the
Basqueland begins with the question: why is it so problematic for
the majority of people in the Basque town of Hondarribia to accept
the broader participation of women in their annual military march
known as the Alarde? To explain this dispute, this study examines
local history as well as the history of this unique parade, but
most importantly considers how gender practices were and are
organized. The controversy to extend female involvement in the
Alarde resulted in two positions between betikoak traditionalists,
(Betiko Alardearen Aldekoak, "Always the Town's Alarde"), and local
"feminists" (emakumealdekoak or Emakumeak JuanaMugarrietakoa, the
Women of Mugarrietakoa, WJM), the former group wishing to preserve
the ritual and the latter wanting to change it. These are not
simply dichotomous stances but represent multiple levels of local
identity through differing concepts of gender, history, and social
experience. It will be shown throughout the Alarde's long history
(1639-present) that it represents several periods of militarism
from the town's defense in 1638 against French forces, Napoleonic
resistance (1808-1813) to the Carlist Wars (1833-1840 and
1872-1876). The Alarde began as a religious procession and
gradually incorporated more and more secular elements. In essence,
by the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth
century, the Alarde became one of many "Basque celebrations"
(Euskal jaiak), tying it to Basque nationalism. Marching against
Gender Practice centers on gender analyses of two opposing gender
worldviews between the betikoak traditionalists and WJM feminists,
but it aims at being applicable to gender theories in general,
especially how gender may be cognized and what cognitive processes
and cognitive systems may be included in the cognition of gender.
By implication, it is asserted that collective imagination is not
an immutable or static concept but may represent locality,
regionalism, and nationalism as well as imbue concepts of
communality, individuality, gender, harmony, historical narration,
memory, social organization, and tradition. Commemorative,
historical or re-enactment rituals like the Alarde of Hondarribia
explain the duration of local identity, its transformation over
time, and newer expressions of identity, which are continually
being contested and reaffirmed through collective imagination.
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