Lack of clean water is one of the most important public health
challenges in less developed communities. Due to insufficient
financial and technical resources in places in need, development of
low-cost water treatment technologies can play a key role in
sustainable water provision. In this context, this PhD research
investigated the removal of pathogenic microorganisms in simple
sand filtration set-ups supplemented with low-cost adsorbents
(hydrochar) produced via hydrothermal carbonization of biowastes.
Two types of hydrochar, derived from hydrothermal carbonization of
agricultural residue of maize and stabilized sewage sludge from
wastewater treatment plant, were evaluated as adsorbents for
Escherichia coli removal in saturated sand columns. The removal
efficiency of sand columns amended with these adsorbents improved
from 20-70% to ~90 % by alkali activation carried out in room
temperatures using 1 M potassium hydroxide solution. This PhD
research also demonstrates the removal of human pathogenic viruses
in sand columns supplemented with hydrochar adsorbents derived from
stabilized sewage sludge and fresh swine waste. In order to
enumerate human pathogenic rotavirus and adenovirus in virus
removal experiments, low-cost polymerase chain reaction assays were
developed under this PhD study. These assays show a competent
performance in analyzing virus concentrations in both laboratory
and environmental samples. Amendment with either hydrochar (without
alkali activation) in sand columns was able to remove more than 99%
of both viruses.
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