The formation, control, and health effects of DBPs in drinking water are issues of international concern because of the health effects (e.g., bladder cancer and potential adverse reproductive-development impacts) associated with exposure to certain DBPs. As a result, many countries, as well as the World Health Organization, have regulations and/or guidelines on acceptable concentrations of DBPs in water. In recent years, DBP research worldwide has focused on determining the possible adverse health effects of emerging, yet unregulated, DBPs, specifically halogenated (e.g., iodinated) and non-halogenated nitrogenous (e.g., nitrosamines) DBPs. The breadth of DBP research is very broad from source waters (e.g., wastewater, wildfire, seawater intrusion influences) to treatment strategies and technologies, followed by distribution system and point of entry issues (e.g., biofilms, heating, swimming pools), as well as health effects and analytical method developments. Recent research is helping to understand factors controlling formation and to develop a cost-effective control of a wide range of regulated and emerging DBPs. Furthermore, the pace of research on emerging DBP toxicity has increased and generated diverse findings, with comparative toxicity and the molecular mechanisms leading to improved understanding of their toxicity pathways and potential adverse biological effects. This book represents the latest research efforts to understanding these important DBP-related issues. The authors of the chapters in this book are a multidisciplinary group of scientists and engineers, who are conducting studies in many parts of the world. The chapters in this book address both regulated and emerging DBPs and are organized under the sections on DBP toxicology and health effects, modeling of DBP formation, precursors and reactions involving nitrosamines, and formation of halogenated DBPs. This book will be of interest to researchers, drinking water utility scientists and engineers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, and regulators interested in the formation and control of and exposure to DBPs.

We are becoming increasingly aware of the overwhelming pollution of our limited water resources on this planet. And while many contaminants originate from Mother Earth, most water pollution comes as a direct result of anthropogenic activities. This problem has become so immense that it threatens the future of all humanity. If effective measures to reduce and/or remediate water pollution and its sources are not found, it is estimated by UN that 2.7 billion people will face water shortage by 2025 as opposed to 1.2 billion people who do not have access to clean drinking water now. Therefore, development of novel green technologies to address this major problem represents a priority of the highest importance. This book discusses green chemistry and other novel solutions to the water pollution problems which includes some interesting applications of nanoparticles. Novel Solutions to Water Pollution is a useful and informative text for those engaged in issues of water quality and water pollution remediation at operational, administrative, academic, or regulatory levels.

This book addresses paradigm shifts in water policy and governance, and examines the role of civil society organizations in influencing public policy, while focusing on social equity and democratic participation. It illustrates a range of interesting developments in policy formulation, donor-state nexus, and interventions by civil society and voluntary organizations. The collection of articles provides a comprehensive and current narrative of the state-society relations in South Asia under neoliberal governance reforms, their implications and key responses with regard to water policies. Using case studies, it closely investigates the impact, effectiveness, drawbacks and challenges faced by voluntary organizations and social movements working at various levels in the water sector. The work will interest researchers and students of development studies, environmental studies, natural resource management, water governance, and public administration, as also water sector professionals, policymakers, civil society activists and governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Globalization has significantly redefined the nature of governance in the water sector. Non-state actors-multilateral and transnational donor agencies and corporations, non-government organizations, markets, and civil society at large-are assuming a bigger role in public policy-making for water resource management. New discourses on neoliberalism, integrated water resource management (IWRM), public-private partnerships, privatization, and gender equity have come to influence water governance. Drawing upon detailed case studies from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan, this volume shows the implications of these new global paradigms for water allocation and management practices, institutions and governance structures in South Asia. It suggests that, despite claims to the contrary, they have done little to further human well-being, reduce gender disparity, or improve accountability and transparency in the system. Steering away from blueprint approaches, it argues for a more nuanced and contextual understanding of water management challenges, based on local knowledge and initiatives. This book will be useful to those interested in political economy and water governance, natural resource management, environmental studies, development studies, and public administration, as well as to water professionals, policy-makers and civil society activists.

For a senior- or graduate-level first course in water-resources engineering offered in civil and environmental engineering degree programs. A prerequisite course in fluid mechanics and calculus up to differential equations is assumed. Water-Resources Engineering provides comprehensive coverage of hydraulics, hydrology, and water-resources planning and management. Presented from first principles, the material is rigorous, relevant to the practice of water resources engineering, and reinforced by detailed presentations of design applications.

Economic issues arise in almost every water policy context. Water is of most concern when scarce, but physical scarcity is often overcome as human beings move water from place to place, sometimes creating monumental structures. The roles that cost and economic value play in water resource allocation are implicit, but often poorly understood. This second edition clarifies the role of economics and offers material that can be applied to water resource allocation problems around the world. Topics covered include: groundwater, floods and droughts, in situ uses of water, and institutions and law. New to the book is an exploration of water issues outside the United States as well as a new application of behavioral and experimental economics to the topic. A concise introduction to issues of water quality and quantity in both urban and agricultural settings, Water Resource Economics and Policy will be a valuable resource or text for students and researchers in the fields of agricultural economics, geography, law, and hydrology. Those involved in water resource agencies and private utilities will also find the book a useful reference. Acclaim for the first edition: 'This textbook is written for first-year graduate students and senior level undergraduates in economics. ... Graduate students in geography, water resources, and environmental management should also be interested. The well-done helpful diagrams and charts are those expected for a textbook in economics at this level. In every chapter many interesting real-world examples illustrate the concept being discussed. Some chapters have easy-to-read case studies set off from the text. ... I plan on keeping this excellent book as a shelf reference and would willingly adopt it for a class in water resource economics.' - Donald E. Agthe, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 'This is a much-needed book, which introduces the interested reader to the economics of water resource allocation, and analyzes relevant policy issues derived from all over the world. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first book which is focused on communicating the basic economic concepts that govern water resources allocation. ... The lively writing style of W. Douglass Shaw, which is enriched with excellent examples and case studies from various countries, makes this book an obvious choice for a textbook in relevant courses ... this excellent book should be a compulsory reading for all of us who work in the field of water resources management.' - Phoebe Koundouri, Ecological Economics

Evolutionary algorithms and allied fields are getting more visibility as well as familiarity due to their numerous flexibilities such as handling high-dimensional non-linear problems and more. This book will help budding researchers to formulate their research problems, and comprises 10 chapters: three on optimization, five on machine learning algorithms, one on Internet of Things, and one on remote sensing. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

This book brings together cutting-edge studies and reviews on the water-related health aspects of SARS-CoV-2, contributed by our research community. The contributions are related to the potential risk of waterborne COVID-19 transmission, household water uses, and hygiene during the pandemic, and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

The influence of landscapes - topography, soil, vegetation, geology - on water quality is an inherent part of the global water cycle. Land use has adverse impacts for example when soils are exposed, significant quantities of pollutants are released (including anthropogenic materials added to those naturally present), or pollutants are added directly to the water environment. Those impacts range from industrial development to farming and urbanisation. Whilst inefficient polluting industrial effluents are still tolerated in some countries, and poorly treated sewage globally remains a huge challenge for sanitation and public health, as well as the water environment, diffuse pollution is relatively poorly recognised or understood. The operator of a sewage or trade effluent treatment plant is consciously discharging effluent to the local river. But a farmer is simply growing crops or farming livestock, a city commuter driving to work is unlikely to be thinking how brake pad wear has released copper to the water (and air) environment and hydrocarbons and particulates too; no one is intending to cause pollution of the water environment. The same applies to industrial chemists creating fire-proofing chemicals, solvents, fertilisers, pesticides, cosmetics and many more substances which contaminate the environment. Understanding and ultimately minimising diffuse pollution is in that sense the science of unintended consequences. And the consequences can be severe, for water resources and ecosystems. It's a global problem. This book comprises 18 papers from experts around the globe, presenting evidence from tropical as well as temperate regions, and rural as well as urban land use challenges. The book explores the nature of diffuse pollution and exemplifies the issues at various scales, from high-level national overviews to particular catchment and pollutant issues. By contrast, natural or semi-natural forest cover has long been recognised as safeguarding water quality in reservoirs (examples from Australia to Thailand and UK). The final chapter looks at how landscapes generally, can be designed to minimise pollution risks from particular land-uses, arguing for a more widespread catchment approach to water-aware landscape design, allied with flood risk resilience, place-making for people, and biodiversity opportunities too.

The water sector is in the middle of a paradigm shift from focusing on treatment and meeting discharge permit limits to integrated operation that also enables a circular water economy via water reuse, resource recovery, and system level planning and operation. While the sector has gone through different stages of such revolution, from improving energy efficiency to recovering renewable energy and resources, when it comes to the next step of achieving carbon neutrality or negative emission, it falls behind other infrastructure sectors such as energy and transportation. The water sector carries tremendous potential to decarbonize, from technological advancements, to operational optimization, to policy and behavioural changes. This book aims to fill an important gap for different stakeholders to gain knowledge and skills in this area and equip the water community to further decarbonize the industry and build a carbon-free society and economy. The book goes beyond technology overviews, rather it aims to provide a system level blueprint for decarbonization. It can be a reference book and textbook for graduate students, researchers, practitioners, consultants and policy makers, and it will provide practical guidance for stakeholders to analyse and implement decarbonization measures in their professions.

This book deals with various problems and investigates different treatment technologies concerning water reuse. In response to the challenges of severe water shortages and the deterioration of water quality, the focus of cutting-edge technology and systems for water treatment and reuse is fast-growing worldwide. Progress is needed to provide high quality reclaimed water, minimize the risks to the environment and human health, and support the use of non-conventional water resources. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

The book will cover a wide range of subjects related to rare earth elements, including the sources, detection and applications of rare earths, environmental and ecological issues related to rare earths, recovery of rare earths using physical, chemical and biological methods, recovery of rare earths from waste resources, conversion of rare earths to nano-particles and their applications. It is intended or all levels of teaching and research from senior undergraduate to higher levels and to those who are working on metal/metalloids more particularly focused on rare earth elements from a science, engineering, health and environmental perspective.

Water Resilience in Practice is co-edited by two experienced water sector professionals and reviews resilience in water supply service delivery. This will be in the form of a series of case studies from different economic contexts - ranging from low-income and fragile states to upper income countries. It will document real experiences and reflect on the initiatives different service providers apply to strengthen resilience in practice. It will describe how service providers respond, adapt, innovate and learn on an ongoing basis, and how they endeavour to meet challenges and provide water supply to users equitably and sustainably. In recent years climate resilience in water supply has been a new emerging paradigm. In response it is helpful to document and record some up-to-date experiences, which can be consolidated in one place. However, it is also necessary to recognise the multiple pressures that water resources face, such as: population growth, increased water demands, existing climatic variability as well as climate change. These pressures are having a profound impact on water supply service delivery. In this context service providers and development professionals must take active measures to respond to these risks. This book is primarily addressed to organisations and practitioners involved in planning, designing, managing and financing water supply programmes in urban and rural settings.

The book's primary intention is to serve as a roadmap for professionals working in developing countries interested in the Nexus Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems (WEFE) approach. The book shows a multi-disciplinary approach, showcasing the importance of the proper use of Nexus WEFE when implementing certain development programs in regions around the globe. It can be presented as a manual for an individual that either wishes to implement intervention projects following the NEXUS approach or students interested in cooperation and development. The book begins with a general explanation of the theoretical concepts and implementation processes of Nexus WEFE and continues getting into case studies, explaining the importance of proper implementation and potential drawbacks and solutions to them. This book has a particular focus on the European Union cooperation policies when implementing such an approach in developing countries.

This chapters in this book highlight the breadth of smart water technologies and applications. From the use of classical machine learning and data transformation methods for process improvement, to data management and assimilation in models for better monitoring control, a selection of these chapters describes the acquisition and preparation of data as an initial step in its use as part of a digital framework for smart water applications. Importantly, several chapters examine the use of smart tools and contemporary AI technologies, such as neural networks and Internet of Things, that demonstrate value in non-conventional or remote environments. This collection demonstrates the innovation possible through the entire 'pipeline' of the process of applying smart water techniques, from data measurement and collection, through initial analysis to the application of machine learning and AI techniques and finally through to system deployment. Each of these steps plays an important role in the application of data science and AI techniques to water problems. Collectively, the book showcases the innovation required to leverage modern data science and AI approaches in the water sector and collectively point the way towards a future of new measurement techniques, innovative methodologies, and intuitive human interaction to truly 'Make Water Smart'. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

Improving and managing universal services of water and sanitation in a holistic manner is critical to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and addressing the needs of millions of people around the world. Ensuring access to water services is a key factor in working towards the SDGs, and water service delivery planning can support utilities in improving provision of these services. A service delivery plan identifies the actions required and associated costs for achieving a defined level of water services delivery over a defined period of time. This publications is a guideline or how-to manual on preparing water service delivery plans with a focus on small to medium sized organised water utilities having with approximately 5,000 to over 100,000 connections mainly in areas with limited capacity and resources. The manual is simplified enough to ensure that these utilities are able to move from a situation where they are struggling to deliver water services to where basic service levels in terms of water quality, quantity, accessibility, reliability, affordability, and acceptability are met. Meeting these basic service levels provides a strong foundation for the utility to progressively move up the ladder of delivering improved services.

The pressure on available freshwater resources due to urbanization and climate change impacts is increasing worldwide; so follows the need to explore unconventional resources. Water reuse and desalination are viable options for alternative water supplies, also for regions that had no need to consider these approaches in the past. However, these solutions need to be tailored to local conditions, be balanced against conventional supply options while minimizing any adverse health and environmental impacts. There is increasing interest in developing new planning tools, technological solutions and approaches in this field to foster safe and economically viable water reuse and desalination applications. The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) realized these needs at an early stage and launched the major funding initiative 'WavE' (www.bmbf-wave.de/en) in 2016 entitled 'Future-oriented Technologies and Concepts to Increase Water Availability by Water Reuse and Desalination' within the framework program 'Research for Sustainable Development (FONA)' and the research agenda on Green Economy. WavE is aimed at developing innovative technologies and management concepts to foster a sustainable increase in water availability. The aim is to provide sustainable solutions for national and international applications. This book reports research highlights from comprehensive research projects addressing contemporary approaches to evaluate new technologies and concepts in non-potable water reuse applications, multi-barrier concepts for potable and non-potable reuse applications, concepts for industrial reuse and resource recovery approaches for brine streams, as well as onsite desalination technologies for developing communities. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

As our infrastructure transitions from wastewater treatment to resource recovery, so must our models evolve to address the needs this transition brings. Nutrient recovery, energy production or neutrality, biomass specialization for new conversion pathways, green-house gas mitigation and more stringent effluent limits for water reclamation are driving new model development efforts and increasingly sophisticated applications of modelling. These new needs enlarge the range of biological, physical and chemical mechanisms that we need to consider in our models. Exchanging and capitalizing on this knowledge are key challenges for modellers that will bring benefits to design, operation, teaching and research. These nine chapters were selected for this book as they contribute to various aspects of the field of modelling water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). This includes a review on the outlook and challenges of WRRF modelling; plant-wide aspects of modelling; modelling biofilms for MBBRs; biological nutrient removal systems; process controls; compartmental modelling and thermal hydrolysis processes. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

Today, multi-disciplinarity is the key to tackle challenges for the sustainable management of water resources, especially considering the increasing complexity in the water world. It is thus fundamental to link the mathematical laws describing water bodies and the new technologies given by the ICT and information science scientific communities. The 16 chapters in this book cover five main topics: numerical models to predict the water hydrodynamic in terms of flow fields and contaminant dispersion; problems related to floods in urban and coastal areas and to wastewater treatments; problems concerning water distribution networks; hydrological and climate change problems; and groundwater and erosion. The complexity of the problems and the different approaches used within the chapters of this book clearly show the multi-disciplinary nature of the researche focused on water bodies. Thanks to the vivacity of the hydroinformatics community, day by day fundamental advances are made in understanding complex phenomena related to water physics as well as in novel methodologies and tools to drive sustainable and efficient management of natural and artificial water systems. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

Providing an extensive comparative and international study of water innovations and the issues that arise in their implementation, David Lewis Feldman analyses the technical, economic, health and environmental impacts of water innovations and their policy implications. Discussing desalination, rainwater harvesting, wastewater reuse, and demand-side innovations as well as emerging cyber-infrastructure issues, The Governance of Water Innovations analyses the historical and contemporary challenges involved in water innovations. With a global reach, exploring water innovations across The Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe, chapters consider potential areas of contention involving land use, aesthetics, recreational impacts, user costs, and environmental quality. Illuminating the importance of these challenges and determining the most effective and equitable ways of meeting them, Feldman advises how innovations should be deployed, governed and implemented democratically in ways that harbour public acceptance, trust, and engagement for a water resilient future. A comprehensive study of the governance of water innovations, this book will prove invaluable to students and scholars of public policy, environmental and water studies and geopolitics. With its pioneering analysis of adaptive governance, it will also prove an essential reference guide to practitioners, professionals and policymakers working in water governance and management, including water agency officials and water resource legislators.

This book highlights the impacts of emerging pollutants (both organic and inorganic) in water bodies and the role and performances of different water and wastewater treatment approaches that are presently being employed in the field of environmental engineering. Some of these approaches are focused on 'end-of-pipe' treatment, while most of these approaches are focused on the application of novel physic-chemical and biological techniques for wastewater treatment and reuse. The goal of this book is to present the emerging technologies and trends in the field of water and wastewater treatment. The papers in this book provide clear proof that environmentally friendly (bio)technologies are becoming more and more important and playing a critical role in removing a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants from water. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector. This book highlights the impacts of emerging pollutants (both organic and inorganic) in water bodies and the role and performances of different water and wastewater treatment approaches that are presently being employed in the field of environmental engineering. Some of these approaches are focused on 'end-of-pipe' treatment, while most of these approaches are focused on the application of novel physic-chemical and biological techniques for wastewater treatment and reuse. The goal of this book is to present the emerging technologies and trends in the field of water and wastewater treatment. The papers in this book provide clear proof that environmentally friendly (bio)technologies are becoming more and more important and playing a critical role in removing a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants from water. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector. This book highlights the impacts of emerging pollutants (both organic and inorganic) in water bodies and the role and performances of different water and wastewater treatment approaches that are presently being employed in the field of environmental engineering. Some of these approaches are focused on 'end-of-pipe' treatment, while most of these approaches are focused on the application of novel physic-chemical and biological techniques for wastewater treatment and reuse. The goal of this book is to present the emerging technologies and trends in the field of water and wastewater treatment. The papers in this book provide clear proof that environmentally friendly (bio)technologies are becoming more and more important and playing a critical role in removing a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants from water. In Focus - a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

The anaerobic process is considered to be a sustainable technology for organic waste treatment mainly due to its lower energy consumption and production of residual solids coupled with the prospect of energy recovery from the biogas generated. However, the anaerobic process cannot be seen as providing the 'complete' solution as its treated effluents would typically not meet the desired discharge limits in terms of residual carbon, nutrients and pathogens. This has given impetus to subsequent post treatment in order to meet the environmental legislations and protect the receiving water bodies and environment. This book discusses anaerobic treatment from the perspective of organic wastes and wastewaters (municipal and industrial) followed by various post-treatment options for anaerobic effluent polishing and resource recovery. Coverage will also be from the perspective of future trends and thoughts on anaerobic technologies being able to support meeting the increasingly stringent disposal standards. The resource recovery angle is particularly interesting as this can arguably help achieve the circular economy. It is intended the information can be used to identify appropriate solutions for anaerobic effluent treatment and possible alternative approaches to the commonly applied post-treatment techniques. The succeeding discussion is intended to lead on to identification of opportunities for further research and development. This book can be used as a standard reference book and textbook in universities for Master and Doctoral students. The academic community relevant to the subject, namely faculty, researchers, scientists, and practicing engineers, will find the book both informative and as a useful source of successful case studies.

Water is the most crucial material for human survival, after air. Without water, life would not be possible. It is important to know how much water is available to us and how much water is polluted. We need to monitor pollutants vigorously, both at point and nonpoint sources, using advanced analytical techniques that can monitor ultra-trace amounts of contaminants. Water reclamation is an absolute necessity today because we have contaminated our surface water, and even groundwater in some cases, to a point that it is not clean enough for drinking or cooking. Most importantly, water must be used judiciously, and equal treatment must be paid to the reclamation and treatment of contaminated water. This book provides information on various global water challenges and solutions. We face many water challenges in terms of availability, quality, and sustainability (Chapter 1). There is an urgent need to find ways to make water more sustainable. To achieve this objective, we will have to address scientific, technical, economic, and social issues.