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Negotiating for the Past - Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919-1941 (Paperback)
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Negotiating for the Past - Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919-1941 (Paperback)
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The discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 was a landmark
event in Egyptology that was celebrated around the world. Had
Howard Carter found his prize a few years earlier, however, the
treasures of Tut might now be in the British Museum in London
rather than the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. That’s because the
years between World War I and World War II were a transitional
period in Middle Eastern archaeology, as nationalists in Egypt and
elsewhere asserted their claims to antiquities discovered within
their borders. These claims were motivated by politics as much as
by scholarship, with nationalists seeking to unite citizens through
pride in their ancient past as they challenged Western powers that
still exercised considerable influence over local governments and
economies. James Goode’s analysis of archaeological affairs in
Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq during this period offers fascinating
new insight into the rise of nationalism in the Middle East, as
well as archaeological and diplomatic history. The first such work
to compare archaeological-nationalistic developments in more than
one country, Negotiating for the Past draws on published and
archival sources in Arabic, English, French, German, Persian, and
Turkish. Those sources reveal how nationalists in Iraq and Iran
observed the success of their counterparts in Egypt and Turkey, and
were able to hold onto discoveries at legendary sites such as
Khorsabad and Persepolis. Retaining artifacts allowed nationalists
to build museums and control cultural heritage. As Goode writes,
“Going to the national museum became a ritual of citizenship.”
Western archaeologists became identified (in the eyes of many) as
agents of imperialism, thus making their work more difficult, and
often necessitating diplomatic intervention. The resulting
“negotiations for the past” pulled patrons (such as John D.
Rockefeller, Jr., and Lord Carnarvon), archaeologists (James
Breasted and Howard Carter), nationalist leaders (Ataturk and Sa`d
Zaghlul), and Western officials (Charles Evan Hughes and Lord
Curzon) into intractable historical debates with international
implications that still resonate today.
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