Advocates of pluralist, competitive politics have regarded
decentralization as a device for deepening democracy or for prying
closed systems open and to give interest groups space in which to
organize, compete and otherwise assert themselves. Some politicians
in central governments see it as a means of delegating expensive
tasks to others lower down. From a political economy perspective,
this study examines the origins of the current wave of
decentralizations in less-developed countries and its implications,
especially its promise and limitations for rural development. It is
based mainly on empirical evidence drawn from experiments with
decentralization in a large number of countries. The paper is
divided into six parts. Part I defines terms to show that the word
'decentralization' can mean many different things. Part II examines
why some political regimes have often tended not to decentralize
even when all indicators support the need for it. Part III seeks to
explain the tendency of many regimes during the early 1980s to
decentralize. Part IV examines the encounter between decentralized
institutions and how they operate within their state-society and
political milieu. Part V discusses the advantages and disadvantages
of decentralization. Part VI assesses the promise of
decentralization for rural development.
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