Between 1800 and 1870 meteorology emerged as both a legitimate
science and a government service in America. Challenging the widely
held assumption that meteorologists were mere "data-gatherers" and
that U.S. scientists were inferior to their European counterparts,
James Rodger Fleming shows how the 1840s debate over the nature and
causes of storms led to a "meteorological crusade" that would
transform both theory and practice. Centrally located
administrators organized hundreds of widely dispersed volunteer and
military observers into systematic projects that covered the entire
nation. Theorists then used these systems to "observe" weather
patterns over large areas, making possible for the first time the
compilation of accurate weather charts and maps.
When in 1870 Congress created a federal storm-warning service
under the U.S. Army Signal Office, the era of amateur scientists,
volunteer observers, and adhoc organizations came to an end. But
the gains had been significant, including advances in natural
history and medical geography, and in understanding the general
circulation of the earth's atmosphere.
General
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