In Housing the New Russia, Jane R. Zavisca examines Russia's
attempts to transition from a socialist vision of housing, in which
the government promised a separate, state-owned apartment for every
family, to a market-based and mortgage-dependent model of home
ownership. In 1992, the post-Soviet Russian government signed an
agreement with the United States to create the Russian housing
market. The vision of an American-style market guided housing
policy over the next two decades. Privatization gave socialist
housing to existing occupants, creating a nation of homeowners
overnight. New financial institutions, modeled on the American
mortgage system, laid the foundation for a market. Next the state
tried to stimulate mortgages and reverse the declining birth rate,
another major concern by subsidizing loans for young families.
Imported housing institutions, however, failed to resonate with
local conceptions of ownership, property, and rights. Most Russians
reject mortgages, which they call "debt bondage," as an unjust
"overpayment" for a good they consider to be a basic right. Instead
of stimulating homeownership, privatization, combined with high
prices and limited credit, created a system of property without
markets. Frustrated aspirations and unjustified inequality led most
Russians to call for a government-controlled housing market. Under
the Soviet system, residents retained lifelong tenancy rights,
perceiving the apartments they inhabited as their own. In the wake
of privatization, young Russians can no longer count on the state
to provide their house, nor can they afford to buy a home with
wages, forcing many to live with extended family well into
adulthood. Zavisca shows that the contradictions of housing policy
are a significant factor in Russia's falling birth rates and the
apparent failure of its pronatalist policies. These consequences
further stack the deck against the likelihood that an affordable
housing market will take off in the near future."
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