Why are propeller blades of speedboats strongly eroded? Why does a
syringe have to be filled slowly in order to avoid the formation of
a vapour cavity near the piston? Why does a pump for watering the
garden not work efficiently if it is placed too high above the
ground water level? These questions, and many others taken from day
to day experience, refer to situations which apparently have no
connection between them, except for the fact that the motion of a
liquid in part of the system plays an essential role.
Cavitation science is that part of liquid physics which
addresses the motion of liquids near -or beyond- the limit of
vaporization. Generally, vaporization occurs if liquid velocities
are large, causing pressure to decrease below a critical value at
which the liquid continuum is broken at one or several points.
Vapor cavities appear there and various unexpected effects follow
for the system such as noise, lower performance, vibrations, wall
erosion For a long time, it was believed that cavitation phenomena
should be avoided entirely because of the generally negative
character of their consequences. However, over the years it
appeared that such a constraint could be costly, though not
necessarily justified on scientific grounds. A limited development
of cavitation - if carefully defined and controlled - can be
allowed. This promotes the development of high speed hydrodynamics
and hydraulics.
The present book is aimed at providing a comprehensive
presentation of cavitation phenomena in liquid flows. It is further
backed up by the experience, both experimental and theoretical, of
the authors whose expertise has been internationally recognized. A
special effort is made toplace the various methods of investigation
in strong relation with the fundamental physics of cavitation,
enabling the reader to treat specific problems independently.
Furthermore, it is hoped that a better knowledge of the cavitation
phenomenon will allow engineers to create systems using it
positively. Examples in the literature show the feasibility of this
approach.
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