China entered the 20th century as an agrarian society, weakened
under internal and external pressures. Revolutionaries came
together to bring down the last imperial dynasty but quickly split
over the direction of reconstruction. Civil wars ensued, followed
by WWI. The fate of the country appeared to be in the hands
of industrial powers like Britain, Germany, Japan, the Soviet
Union, and the United States. All seemed lost when Japan seized all
Chinese seaports, railways, industries, and fertile farmland. Yet
Chinese resistance continued for eight years and the entire society
was mobilized. After decades of struggling, China finally regained
independence that laid the foundation for its own modernization.
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