Metals are ubiquitous in natural surface-water systems, both as
dissolved constituents and as particulate constituents. Although
concentrations of many metals are generally very low (hence the
common term 'trace metals'), their effects on the water quality and
the biota of surfacewater systems are likely to be substantial.
Biogeochemical partitioning of metals results in a diversity of
forms, including hydrated or 'free' ions, colloids, precipitates,
adsorbed phases, and various coordination complexes with dissolved
organic and inorganic ligands. Much research has been dedicated to
answering questions about the complexities of metal behavior and
effects in aquatic systems. Voluminous literature on the subject
has been produced. This paper synthesizes the findings of aquatic
metal studies and describes some general concepts that emerge from
such a synthesis. Emphasis is on sources, occurrence, partitioning,
transport, and biological interactions of metals in freshwater
systems of North America.
General
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