Geomorphology can be defined simply as the study of landforms.
Landforms are the result of the interaction between what Ritter
(1978) has called the driving and resisting forces. The driving
forces or processes are the methods by which energy is exerted on
earth materials and include both surface, geomorphological or
exogenous processes and subsurface, geological or endogenous
processes. The resisting forces are the surface materials with
their inherent resistances determined by a complex combination of
rock properties. Stated in these simple terms it would be expected
that both sides of the equation be given equal weight in syntheses
of landform evolution. However, this has not been the case. Until
about the 1950s, geomorphology was mainly descriptive and concerned
with producing time-dependent models of landscape evolution.
Although the form of the land was the main focus, there was little
detailed mention of process and scant attention to the properties
of surface materials. There were, of course, exceptions. In the
late 19th century G.K. Gilbert was stressing the equilibrium
between landforms and processes. Many hydrologists were examining
the detailed workings of river 'systems and drainage basins,
culminating in the classic paper of Horton (1945).
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