The story of the African American contributions to the symphonic
jazz vogue of the 1920s through the 1940s.
During the early decades of the twentieth century symphonic jazz
involved an expansive family of music that emulated, paralleled,
and intersected the jazz tradition. Though now largely forgotten,
symphonic jazz was both a popular music---arranging tradition and a
repertory of hybrid concert works, both of which reveled in the
mildly irreverent interbreeding of white and black and high and low
music. While the roots of symphonic jazz can be traced to certain
black ragtime orchestras of the teens, the idiom came to maturation
in the music of 1920s white dance bands.
Through a close examination of the music of Duke Ellington and
James P. Johnson, "Ellington Uptown" uncovers compositions that
have usually fallen in the cracks between concert music, jazz, and
popular music. It also places the concert works of these two iconic
figures in context through an investigation both of related
compositions by black and white peers and of symphonic jazz---style
arrangements from a diverse number of early sound films, Broadway
musicals, Harlem nightclub floor shows, and select interwar radio
programs.
Both Ellington and Johnson were part of a close-knit community
of several generations of Harlem musicians. Older figures like Will
Marion Cook, Will Vodery, W. C. Handy, and James Reese Europe were
the generation of black musicians that initially broke New York
entertainment's racial barriers in the first two decades of the
century. By the 1920s, Cook, Vodery, and Handy had become mentors
to Harlem's younger musicians. This generational connection is a
key for understanding Johnson's and Ellington's ambitions to use
the success of Harlem's white-oriented entertainment trade as a
springboard for establishing a black concert music tradition based
on Harlem jazz and popular music.
John Howland is Assistant Professor of Music at Rutgers
University and the cofounder and current editor-in-chief of the
journal "Jazz Perspectives." This work has been supported through
several prestigious awards, including the Lloyd Hibberd Publication
Endowment Fund of the American Musicological Society.
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