While local government is found in all federal countries, its place
and role in the governance of these countries varies considerably.
In some countries, local government is considered an essential part
of the federal nature of the state and recognized in the
constitution as such, whereas in others it is simply a creature of
the subnational states/provinces. When referring to local
government it is more correct to refer to local governments
(plural), as these institutions come in all shapes and sizes,
performing widely divergent functions. They range from metropolitan
municipalities of mega-cities to counties, small town councils, and
villages. Their focus is either multi-purpose in the case of
municipalities or single purpose in the case of special districts
and school districts. What unites these institutions of state is
that there is no level of government below them. That is also their
strength and the source of their democratic claim - they are the
government closest to the people. Political science experts from
across the globe examine local governments by drawing on case
studies of Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India,
Mexico, Nigeria, Switzerland, Spain, South Africa, and United
States. Contributors include Martin Burgi (Ruhr-University Bochum),
Luis Cesar de Queiroz Ribeiro (Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro), Jaap de Visser (University of Western Cape), Habu
Galadima (University of Jos), Sol Garson (Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro) Boris Graizbord (National College of Mexico), Rakesh
Hooja (HCM Rajasthan State Institute of Public Administration,
India), Andreas Kiefer (European Affairs Office of the Land
Salzburg), Andreas Ladner (Swiss Graduate School of Public
Administration), George Mathew (Institute of Social Sciences,
India), Mike Pagano (University of Illinois at Chicago), Graham
Sansom (University of Technology Sydney), Franz Schausberger
(Salzburg University), Nico Steytler (University of Western Cape),
Francisco Velasco Caballero (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid), and
Robert Young (University of Western Ontario).
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