What does it mean to be a friend in Shakespeare's England? In their
writings on the subject, Renaissance users of rhetoric would
recognize, deploy and appreciate tropes and textual ambiguities in
a manner alien to twenty-first century readers. The large body of
classical writings on friendship which cropped up on early modern
school curricula, especially Cicero's productively paradoxical De
Amicitia, provided imagery and scenarios which could be recast by
fertile imaginations. This inventive use of tropes and
contradictions when writing about friendship has important
parallels for queer scholars. The problems and benefits of
asserting a 'queer history' are considered here, as is such a
history's ambiguous relationship to historicist reading practices.
Texts examined include three 1580s conduct books on friendship;
John Florio's translation of Montaigne's essay on friendship; later
English essays on friendship by Francis Bacon and his
contemporaries; the correspondence between Edmund Spenser and
Gabriel Harvey; and Shakespeare's Hamlet, King Henry IV and
Sonnets.
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