STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FOBMAL LOGIC STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN
FORMAL LOGIC NGLUDING GENERALISATION OF LOGICAL PROCESSES IN THEIll
APPLICATION TO COMPLEX INFERENCES JOHN NEVILLE KEYNES, M. A., Sc.
D. L. IVERSITY LECTURER IN MOIUL SCIENCE AND FORMERLY FELLOW OF
COLLEflE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE FOURTH EDITION RE-WRITTEN
AND ENLARGED Uonbon MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK THE
MACMILLAN COMPANY I9OU The Right of Translation and Reproduction
itt reserved First Edition Crown Svo. printed 18R1. Second Edition
Croirn Sro. 1887. Third Edition Demy Svo. 1894. Fourth Edition Demy
Svo. 1900. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. IN this edition many of
the sections have been re-written and a good deal of new matter has
been introduced. The following are some of the more important
modifications. In Part I a new definition of connotative name is
proposed, in the hope that some misunderstanding may thereby be
avoided siiicl the treatment of negative names has been revised. In
Part II the problem of the import of judgments and propositions in
its various aspects is dealt with in much more detail than before,
and greater importance is attached to distinctions of imulality.
Wfrty in consequence of this, the treatment of conditional and
hypothetical propositions has been modified. 1 have partially
re-written the chapter on the existential import of propositions in
order to meet some recent criticisms and to explain my position
more clearly. Many other minor changes in Part II have been made.
Amongst the changes in Part III are a more systematic treatment of
the process of the indirect reduction of syllogisms, and the
introduction of a chapter on the characteristics of inference. An
appendix on thefundamental laws of thought has been added and the
treatment of complex propositions which previously constituted Part
IV of the book has now been placed in an appendix. The reader of
this edition will perceive my indebtedness to Sigwari s Logic. I
have received valuable help from Professor J. S. Mackenzie and from
my son, Mr J. M. Keynes arid I cannot express too strongly the debt
I once more owe to Mr W. E. Johnson, who by his criticisms has
enabled me to improve my exposition in many parts of the book, and
also to avoid some errors. J. N. KEYNES. 6, HARVEY EOAL, CAMBRIDGE,
4 ShtenSter 190C VI PREFACE. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 1 . IN .
addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of
what may be called the book-work of formal logic, the following
pages contain a number of problen. s worked out in detail and
unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his
command over logical processes. In the expository portions of Parts
I, II, and III, dealing respectively with terms, propositions, and
syllogisms, the traditional lines are in the main followed, though
with certain modifications e. g., in the systematisation of
immediate inferences, and in several points of detail in connexion
with the syllogism. For purposes of illustration Eulers diagrams
are employed to a greater extent than is usual in English manuals.
In Part IV, which contains a generalisation of logical processes in
their application to complex inferences, a some what new departure
is taken. So far as I am aware this part constitutes the first
systematic attempt that has been made to deal with formal
reasonings of the most complicated character without the aid of
mathematical or other symbolsof operation, and without abandoning
the ordinary non-cquational or predic ative form of proposition.
This attempt has on the whole met with greater success than I had
anticipated and I believe that the methods formulated will be found
to be both as easy and as effective as the symbolical methods of
Boole arid his followers. The book concludes with a general and
sure method of solution of what Professor Jevons called the in orse
problem, and which he himself seemed to regard as soluble only by a
series of guesses...
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