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NATO and Article 5 - The Transatlantic Alliance and the Twenty-First-Century Challenges of Collective Defense (Paperback)
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NATO and Article 5 - The Transatlantic Alliance and the Twenty-First-Century Challenges of Collective Defense (Paperback)
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For much of the last 25 years, NATO has focused on crisis
management in places such as Kosovo and Afghanistan, resulting in
major changes to alliance strategy, resourcing, force structure,
and training. Re-embracing collective defense -which lies at the
heart of the Treaty of Washington's Article 5 commitment- is no
easy feat, and not something NATO can do through rhetoric and
official pronouncements. Nonetheless, this shift is vitally
necessary if the alliance is to remain the bulwark of Western
defense and security. Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea and its
invasion of Ukraine have fundamentally upended the security
environment in Europe, thrusting NATO into the spotlight as the
primary collective defense tool most European states rely upon to
ensure their security. Collective defense is one of the alliance's
three core missions, along with crisis management and cooperative
security. It is defined in Article 5, the most well-known and
arguably most important part of NATO's founding treaty, which
states: "The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more
of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack
against them all." Although all three missions are vital to the
interests of NATO's many member states, collective defense has
become first among equals once again. However, three very
significant hurdles stand in the way of the alliance and its member
states as they attempt to re-embrace collective defense. These
loosely correspond to an ends-waysmeans construct. First is the
alliance's strategy toward Russia. Is Russia an adversary, a
partner, neither, or both? How should strategy and policies change
to place the alliance and its members on more solid ground when it
comes to managing Russia? Second are the ongoing disputes over
resourcing and burden-sharing. In recent years, it has become
commonplace for American leaders to publicly berate European allies
in an effort to garner more contributions to the common defense.
How might the alliance better measure and more equitably share
security burdens? Third is the alliance's readiness to fulfill its
objectives. Many allies have announced or are implementing
increases in defense spending. However, governments of European
NATO member states are strongly incentivized by domestic politics
to favor acquisition of military hardware or spending on personnel
salaries and benefits, usually at the expense of readiness. The
result is that NATO military forces risk quickly becoming hollow in
a way that is often underappreciated, which will prevent the
alliance from fulfilling the collective defense promise inherent in
Article 5. The book examines all such questions to assess NATO's
return to collective defense and offer a roadmap for overcoming
those challenges in both the short and long-term.
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