In the first century of Islam, most of the former Christian
Roman Empire, from Syria to Spain, was brought under Muslim control
in a conquest of unprecedented proportions. Confronted by the world
of Islam, countless medieval Christians experienced a profound
ambivalence, awed by its opulence, they were also troubled by its
rival claims to the spiritual inheritance of Abraham and Jesus and
humiliated by its social subjugation of non-Muslim minorities. Some
converted. Others took up arms. Still others, the subjects of John
Tolan's study of anti-Muslim polemics in medieval Europe, undertook
to attack Islam and its most vivid avatar, the saracen, with
words.
In an effort to make sense of God's apparent abandonment of
Christendom in favor of a dynamic and expanding Muslim
civilization, European writers distorted the teachings of Islam and
caricatured its believers in a variety of ways. What ideological
purposes did these portrayals serve? And how, in turn, did Muslims
view Christianity? Feelings of rivalry, contempt, and superiority
existed on both sides, tinged or tempered at times with feelings of
doubt, inferiority, curiosity, or admiration. Tolan shows how
Christian responses to Islam changed from the seventh to thirteenth
centuries, through fast-charging crusades and spirit-crushing
defeats, crystallizing into polemical images later drawn upon by
Western authors in the fourteenth to twentieth centuries. Saracens
explores the social and ideological uses of contempt, explaining
how the denigration of the other can be used to defend one's own
intellectual construction of the world.
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