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Greenhouse Gases - Management, Reduction & Impact (Paperback, New)
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Greenhouse Gases - Management, Reduction & Impact (Paperback, New)
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Instituting policies to manage or reduce GHGs would likely impact
different states differently. Understanding these differences may
provide for a more informed debate regarding potential policy
approaches. However, multiple factors play a role in determining
impacts, including alternative design elements of a GHG emissions
reduction program, the availability and relative cost of mitigation
options, and the regulated entities' abilities to pass compliance
costs on to consumers. Three primary variables drive a state's
human-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels: population, per
capita income, and the GHG emissions intensity. GHG emissions
intensity is a performance measure. In this book, GHG intensity is
a measure of GHG emissions from sources within a state compared
with a state's economic output (gross state product, GSP). The GHG
emissions intensity driver stands apart as the main target for
climate change mitigation policy, because public policy generally
considers population and income growth to be socially positive. The
intensity of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions largely determines
overall GHG intensity, because CO2 emissions account for 85% of the
GHG emissions in the United States. As 98% of U.S. CO2 emissions
are energy-related, the primary factors that shape CO2 emissions
intensity are a state's energy intensity and the carbon content of
its energy use. Energy intensity measures the amount of energy a
state uses to generate its overall economic output (measured by its
GSP). Several underlying factors may impact a state's energy
intensity: a state's economic structure, personal transportation
use in a state (measured in vehicle miles travelled per person),
and public policies regarding energy efficiency. The carbon content
of energy use in a state is determined by a state's portfolio of
energy sources. States that utilise a high percentage of coal, for
example, will have a relatively high carbon content of energy use,
compared to states with a lower dependence on coal. An additional
factor is whether a state is a net exporter or importer of
electricity, because CO2 emissions are attributed to
electricity-producing states, but the electricity is used (and
counted) in the consuming state. Between 1990 and 2000, the United
States reduced its GHG intensity by 1.6% annually. Assuming that
population and per capita income continue to grow as expected, the
United States would need to reduce its GHG intensity at the rate of
3% per year in order to halt the annual growth in GHG emissions.
Therefore, achieving reductions (or negative growth) in GHG
emissions would necessitate further declines in GHG intensity.
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